Sounion

Cape Sounion (Modern Greek: "Aκρωτήριο Σούνιο" - "Akrotírio Soúnio"; Latin: "Sunium promonturium"; Ancient Greek: "Άκρον Σούνιον" - "Άkron Soúnion"; Venetian: "Capo Colonne") is a promontory located 69 km (43 mi, by road) SSE of Athens, at the southernmost tip of the Attica peninsula in Greece (Fig.2).

Cape Sounion is noted as the site of ruins of the ancient Greek temple of Poseidon, the god of the sea in classical mythology. The remains are perched on the headland, surrounded on three sides by the sea (Fig.1). The ruins bear the deeply engraved name of English Romantic poet Lord Byron (1788 - 1824) ("see" Fig.9).

The site is a popular day excursion for tourists from Athens, with sunset over the Aegean Sea viewed from the ruins a sought-after spectacle (Fig.3).

ite and Panorama

The site is accessible by road from Athens. This is the scenic highway 91, which closely follows the west coast of Attica (the "Attic riviera"), passing through numerous upscale residential districts and resorts, such as Glyfada, Vouliagmeni (anc. "Zoster"), Varkiza. There is a regular municipal bus service to Sounion from Omonia Square, in central Athens.

Sounion's position is coord|37.650058|N|24.024466|E|type:landmark_region:GR|display=inline,title.The headland is roughly shaped like an axe-head. A narrow neck of land leads to the higher, gently-sloping site of the temple. On most sides of the axe-head are steep cliffs, up to 60 m (197 ft) high.

There were two ancient temples on this site, one dedicated to Athena (of which only the foundations remain) and the other the famous one to Poseidon.

Within walking distance, there is a taverna and a hotel. Further development has been restricted by the designation of the site, and a large surrounding region, as one of 10 National parks in Greece.

From this jutting headland, there is a panoramic view of the surrounding Aegean islands. Nearby are the islets of Makronisi (ancient "Helena", to the east) and Patroklou or "Patroclus" (west, "see" Fig.2 map). Further away, to the south, the larger islands of Kea, Kithnos, Serifos and, on a clear day, as far as Milos, 60 miles (97 km) distant. To the east, looming behind Kea can be seen the 994 m (3261 ft) peak of Andros island. To the west, the mountainous shore of the Argolis peninsula, across the Saronic gulf.

Legend

According to legend, Cape Sounion is the spot where Aegeus, king of Athens, leapt to his death off the cliff, thus giving his name to the Aegean Sea. The story goes that Aegeus, anxiously looking out from Sounion, despaired when he saw a black sail on his son Theseus 's ship, returning from Crete. This led him to believe that his son had been killed in his contest with the dreaded Minotaur, a monster that was half man and half bull. The Minotaur was confined by its owner, King Minos of Crete, in a specially designed labyrinth. Every year, the Athenians were forced to send 7 boys and 7 girls to Minos as tribute. These youths were placed in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur. Theseus had volunteered to go with the third tribute and attempt to slay the beast. He had agreed with his father that if he survived the contest, he would hoist a white sail. In fact, Theseus had overcome and slain the Minotaur (Fig.4), but tragically had simply forgotten about the white sail. [Plutarch, "Theseus"]

The earliest literary reference to Sounion is in Homer 's poem the Odyssey, probably composed in the 8th century B.C. (Fig.5). This recounts the mythical tribulations suffered by Greek hero Odysseus in a gruelling 10-year sea-voyage to return to his native island, Ithaca in the Ionian sea, from the sack of Troy. This ordeal was supposedly inflicted upon him by Poseidon, to whom the temple at Sounion was dedicated.

We are told that, as the various Greek commanders sailed back from Troy, the helmsman of King Menelaos of Sparta 's ship died at his post while rounding "holy Sounion, cape of Athens". Menelaos landed at Sounion to give his companion full funeral honours (i.e. cremation on a funeral pyre on the beach). [Homer, "Odyssey" III. 278] The Greek ships were then caught by a storm off Cape Malea and scattered in all directions.

Odysseus' ship was blown far off course, to the land of the lotus-eaters, believed to be an island off the north African coast (possibly Djerba, Tunisia). From there he sailed to the land of the Cyclops (one-eyed giants), where he and his surviving men were taken prisoner by Polyphemus, a cyclops who was the son of Poseidon by a nymph. [Homer, "Odyssey" IX.89 onwards.] Polyphemus was a cannibal, who proceeded to eat one of Odysseus' companions for dinner every day. But Odysseus himself succeeded in avoiding the same fate by putting out Polyphemus' single eye with a spear and escaping from Polyphemus' cave. This action incurred the fury of Polyphemus' father Poseidon. The sea-god wanted to kill Odysseus, but was forbidden to do so by Zeus, the supreme god, in response to pleas from his daughter the goddess Athena, who regarded Odysseus as her protégé and favourite. Instead, Poseidon resolved to prevent Odysseus from ever returning home.

History

Archaeological finds on the site date from as early as 700 B.C. Herodotus tells us that in the sixth century B.C., the Athenians celebrated a quadrennial festival at Sounion, which involved Athens' leaders sailing to the cape in a sacred boat. [Herodotus, "Histories" VI.87.]

The original, Archaic Period temple of Poseidon on the site, which was built of tufa, was probably destroyed in 480 B.C. by Persian troops during shahanshah Xerxes I 's invasion of Greece (the second Greco-Persian War). Although there is no direct evidence for Sounion, Xerxes certainly had the temple of Athena, and everything else, on the Acropolis of Athens razed as punishment for the Athenians' defiance. [Herodotus, "Histories" VIII.53.] After they defeated Xerxes in the naval Battle of Salamis, the Athenians placed an entire enemy trireme (warship with three banks of oars) at Sounion as a trophy dedicated to Poseidon. [Herodotus, "Histories", VIII.121.]

The later temple at Sounion, whose columns still stand today, was probably built in ca. 440 B.C. This was during the ascendancy of Athenian statesman Pericles, who also rebuilt the Parthenon in Athens.

In 413 B.C., during the Peloponnesian War against the Spartans, the Athenians fortified the site with a wall and towers, to prevent it from falling into Spartan hands. This would have threatened Athens' seaborne grain supply route from Euboea. Athens' supply situation had become critical, since the city's land supply - lines had been cut by the Spartan fortification of Deceleia, in north Attica. [Thucydides, "Peloponnesian War" VII.28 and VIII.4.] However, not long after, the Sounion fortress was seized from the Athenians by a force of rebel slaves from the nearby silver mines of Laurium. [1911 "Encyclopedia Britannica", article: 'Sunium']

Temple of Poseidon

Ancient Greek religion was essentially "propitiatory" in nature: i.e., based on the notion that to avoid misfortune, one must constantly seek the favour of the relevant gods by prayers, gifts and sacrifices. To the ancient Greek, every natural feature, e.g. hill, lake, stream or wood, was controlled by a god. Thus a person about to swim in a river, for example, would say a prayer to the river-god, or make an offering to that god's shrine, to avoid the chance of drowning. The gods were considered immortal, could change shape, become invisible and travel anywhere instantaneously. But in many other respects they were considered similar to humans. They shared the whole range of human emotions, both positive and negative. Thus, in their attitudes towards humans, they could be both benevolent and malicious. As humans also, they had family and clan hierarchies. They could even mate with humans, and produce demi-gods. [Ovid, "Metamorphoses".]

In a maritime country like Greece, the god of the sea was bound to occupy a high position in the divine hierarchy. In power, Poseidon was considered second only to Zeus (Jupiter), the supreme god himself. His implacable wrath, manifested in the form of storms, was greatly feared by all mariners. In an age without mechanical power, storms very frequently resulted in shipwrecks and drownings.

The temple at Sounion, therefore, was a venue where mariners, and also entire cities or states, could propitiate Poseidon, by making animal sacrifice, or leaving gifts.

The temple of Poseidon was constructed in ca. 440 B.C., over the ruins of a temple dating from the Archaic Period. It is perched above the sea at a height of almost 60 m. The design of the temple is a typical hexastyle i.e. it had a front portico with 6 columns. [Perseus Digital Library @ www.perseus.tufts.edu (search term: 'Sounion').] Only some columns of the Sounion temple stand today (Fig.6), but intact it would have closely resembled the contemporary and well-preserved Temple of Hephaestus on the Acropolis (Fig.7), which may have been designed by the same architect.

As with all Greek temples, the Poseidon building was rectangular, with a colonnade on all four sides. The total number of original columns was 42: 18 columns still stand today. The columns are of the Doric Order, as in Figure 7. They were made of locally-quarried white marble. They were 6.10 m (20 ft) high, with a diameter of 1 m (3.1 ft) at the base and 79cm (31 inches) at the top. [Perseus Digital Library, for search term 'Sounion"]

At the centre of the temple colonnade would have been the hall of worship ("naos"), a windowless rectangular room, similar to the partly intact hall at the Temple of Hephaestus (Fig.7). It would have contained, at one end facing the entrance, the cult image, a colossal, ceiling - height (6m) bronze statue of Poseidon. [W. Burkert, "Greek Religion" (1987).] Probably gold-leafed, it may have resembled the sculpture in Fig.8, which was created in the same period as the temple. Poseidon was usually portrayed carrying a trident, the weapon he supposedly used to stir up storms.

Archaeological excavation of the site in 1906 uncovered numerous artefacts and inscriptions, most notably a marble kouros statue [ David Gill, webpage: [http://www.davidgill.co.uk/attica/nm2720_kouros.htm] .] and an impressive votive relief, [ David Gill, webpage: [http://www.davidgill.co.uk/attica/nm3344_relief.htm] .] both now in the Athens National Archaeological Museum. [ Athens National Archaeological Museum, items NM 2720 and NM 3344.]

Byron inscription

The inscribed name (Fig.9) of the famous Romantic poet George Lord Byron, carved into the base of one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon, possibly dates from his first visit to Greece, on his Grand Tour of Europe, before he acquired fame. Byron spent several months in 1810-11 in Athens, including two documented visits to Sounion. There is no evidence to confirm that the inscription is an autograph. Byron mentions Sounion in his poem "Don Juan":

::"Place me on Sunium's marbled steep,"::"Where the waves and I can only hear,"::"Our mutual murmurs sweep..." [Byron, "Don Juan".]

Notes

References

The following are reference sources, in alpha order (cited in Notes):
*Athens National Archaeological Museum, items NM 2720 and NM 3344.
*Lord Byron, "Don Juan", 1818-1819.
*W. Burkert, "Greek Religion" (1987).
*Herodotus, "Histories", Volumes VI & VIII, "The History of Herodotus" (translated), 440 BC, webpage: [http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/ANCIENT/herodotus-history.txt Fordham-HH] .
*Homer, "Odyssey", Volume III & IX.
*Ovid, "Metamorphoses", 2-8 CE.
*1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, article "Sunium", 1911.
*Perseus Digital Library @ www.perseus.tufts.edu (search term: 'Sounion')
*Plutarch, "Theseus" in "Parallel Lives", 75 CE.
*Romantic Circles, "The Byron Chronology", webpage: [http://www.rc.umd.edu RC-UMD] .
*Thucydides, "Peloponnesian War", Volume VII and VIII, 431 BC (translated by Richard Crawley), webpage: [http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.html MIT-Thuc] .

External links

* [http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21102a/e211ba07.html Sanctuary of Poseidon and Athena at Sounion] - Greek Ministry of Culture
* [http://www.stoa.org/metis/cgi-bin/qtvr?site=sounion&node=2&pan=330&tilt=5 360 Panorama from Temple of Posiedon]