Education in Poland during World War II

This article covers the topic of underground education in Poland ( _pl. Tajne szkolnictwo or " _pl. tajne komplety") during World War II.

After the polish defeat in the Polish Defensive War of 1939 and the subsequent German occupation of most Polish territory, Poland was divided into the areas directly incorporated into the Reich and the General Government. Despite administrative divisions, throughout Polish territory the Germans abolished all university education for non-Germans. According to Nazi racial theories the Slavs needed no higher education and the only schools that remained opened were trade schools and courses for factory workers. German racist theories assumed that no education of Poles was needed and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated serfs for the German race. Education in Polish was banned and punished with death.

All institutions of higher education were closed. Their equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to Germany and divided among the German universities while the buildings were turned into offices and military barracks.

However, many professors organized the so-called "Secret Universities" all around the country, reviving the tradition of "Flying University" from the times of partition of Poland. Those who survived the A-B Action and were not sent to concentration camps actively started to give lectures to small groups in private apartments. The attendants were constantly risking deportation and death. However, the net of underground faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3,500 students at various courses at the Warsaw University alone. Underground Law and Social Sciences faculties, as well as Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical and Biology faculties were kept alive at Stefan Batory University in Wilno (now Vilnius) from 1939 till 1944 with lectures, seminars and exams. [Mikołaj Tarkowski, Przyczynek do dziejów szkolnictwa wyzszego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, [http://vebba.pl/ug/wp-content/mikolaj-tarkowski-usb.pdf] Gdańsk. Page 22.]

The main universities included the University of Lwów, Warsaw University, Stefan Batory University in Wilno and Jagiellonian University in Kraków. A new University of Western Lands ("Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich") was created in Warsaw, with branches in Kielce, Jędrzejów, Częstochowa and Milanówek. The latter university was composed mostly of the professors of Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań and included 17 different units, among them the faculty of medicine and surgery.

Almost 10 000 students received master's degrees at the secret universities and several hundred others received doctorates. Secret printing houses that sprung up across Poland shortly after the war started, provided the facilities of secret learning with handbooks and scripts.

The professors organized a net of secret high schools, trade schools and special courses of forbidden subjects, such as the Polish language, history and geography. A special case were the secret talmudic schools organized in ghettos. Until 1944 there were more than a million secret high school students in Poland. At least 18 000 students passed their final school exams and received their certificates. This led to a bizarre situation in which students of formally non-existent colleges entered formally non-existent universities. Most of these certificates were issued on pre-war forms with the dates forged to indicate either 1938 or 1939. These were later accepted by post-war Polish universities.

There was also a net of secret military colleges in most major cities. Until 1944 most of Armia Krajowa regiments had their military schools for NCOs while the regional headquarters organized officer courses and special training. The Szare Szeregi (the underground Polish Scouting Association) opened its own NCO school in Warsaw nicknamed Agricola.

Secret learning prepared new cadres for the post-war reconstruction of Poland and countered the German threat to exterminate the Polish intelligentsia.

Religious education and training also took place. Prominently, the Roman Catholic Church operated underground seminaries for the education of priests. One well-known seminary was run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Sapieha and trained future cardinal and pope, John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla).

Lecturers of the underground universities

The following is a partial list of the individuals who risked their lives teaching under the Nazi and Soviet occupations. Date of death is given for those executed for their involvement in the underground education system during that time.

Warsaw

* Stefan Bryła, engineering, (d. 1943)
* Eugeniusz Lokajski, photography?, (d.1944 - Warsaw Uprising)
* Marceli Handelsman, history, d.1945
* Tadeusz Manteuffel, history
* Andrzej Mostowski, mathematics
* Zygmunt Szweykowski, history
* Władysław Tatarkiewicz, philosophy, history of art

Kraków

* Władysław Czapliński, history
* Marian Gieszczykiewicz, biology (d.1942)
* Mieczysław Małecki, linguistics (responsible for organizing much of Kraków's underground education)
* Konstanty Troczyński, literature (d.1942)
* Adam Stefan Sapieha, theology
* Władysław Ślebodziński, mathematics

Lwów

* Stefan Inglot, historian, imprisoned (but not executed)

Other

* Franciszek Leja, history, Łańcut, Leżajsk

Students of the underground universities

* Andrzej Maria Cardinal Deskur, Kraków
* Tadeusz Konwicki, Wilno
* Pope John Paul II, Kraków
* Zbigniew Herbert, Kraków

References

* J. Ślaski "Polska Walcząca" (1939-1945), vol. 3 "Noc", Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, Warsaw, 1986, p. 34. See: racial theories of Heinrich Himmler
* Adam Redzik, [http://www.lwow.home.pl/rocznik/prawo39-45.html Rocznik,] Instytut Lwowski, Warsaw, ISSN 1230-0829
* Zygmunt Albert, [http://www.lwow.home.pl/lek/albert1.html Okupacja Hitlerowska 1941-1944,] Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo. Wrocław 1975.