Hippopotamus Defence

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Reinfeld: "Any expert player would dismiss Black's position as lost."

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Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship 1966, game 12, position after Black's 8th move

The Hippopotamus Defence is a name for various irregular chess opening systems in which Black moves a number of his pawns to the third rank, often developing his pieces to the second rank, and does not move any of his pawns to the fourth rank in the opening. It is a very unconventional opening that would have horrified the classical mastersFact|date=August 2008. Fred Reinfeld, a prolific author and one of the strongest players in the United States, wrote in 1953 of the position at left, "Any expert player would dismiss Black's position as lost." [Fred Reinfeld, "The Complete Chess Course", Doubleday & Company, 1953, p. 323.] Grandmaster Reuben Fine, one of the world's strongest players in the 1930s and 1940's, instructing his readers how to deal with such "Irregular Openings," wrote that "once a plus in development or center is set up, a well-conducted attack will decide." [Reuben Fine, "Ideas Behind the Chess Openings", David McKay, 1943, p. 228.]

Reinfeld, who died in 1963, would have been surprised to see Black employing the same system of development successfully in the 1966 world championship match. Boris Spassky employed the same set-up, dubbed the "Hippopotamus" by commentators, in the 12th and 16th games of his match against World Champion Tigran Petrosian. In both games Spassky developed his bishops to b7 and g7, and his knights to d7 and e7. [http://www.rochadekuppenheim.de/heco/ar0011.html] [http://www.knology.net/~bereolos/archives/chessDec03.html] (See diagrams at left and right.) Both games ended in draws. (See illustrative games below.) It is unclear whether Petrosian's lack of success against the Hippopotamus contributed to Fine's opinion that "Petrosian is probably the weakest player who has ever held the world championship." [Reuben Fine, "The Final Candidates Match Buenos Aires, 1971: Fischer vs Petrosian", Hostel Chess Association, 1971, p. 4.]

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Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship 1966, game 16, position after Black's 10th move

This setup, also known as MacLeod's Defence, foregoes any attempt at activity in exchange for a solid position that can absorb anything White throws at it. The philosophy behind this is that it is a disadvantage to have the initiative - the obligation to 'do something' - when faced with such a solid formation. Black will attempt to react to an attack by keeping lines closed and driving back the attacking pieces with pawns, after which he will be well placed to go on the attack himself. In practical terms this means that Black will meet the move e5 with d5 followed by a French-style pawn break with c5, or alternatively if White plays d5 Black will answer e5 followed by a King's Indian-esque f5. Vlastimil Hort, Igor Glek and Mihai Suba are among the grandmasters who have employed the Hippo, and Kiril Georgiev has used it as an anti-computer line. International Master Andrew Martin wrote a book, "The Hippopotamus Rises: The Re-emergence of a Chess Opening", about that opening in 2005. See reviews [http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jd/jd_hippo_rises.html here] and [http://www.chessville.com/reviews/HippopotamusRises.htm here] .

In employing this system against Petrosian, Spassky was likely inspired by the Slovak International Master Maximilian Ujtelky, who had been experimenting with similar openings for several years. [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?pid=40580&eco=B06&title=Maximilian+Ujtelky+playing+the+Robatsch+(B06)] Ujtelky's game as Black against Spassky at Sochi 1964, in which he played the same setup Spassky later adopted against Petrosian, is given below. Ujtelky played even more provocatively in some other games, such as against the very strong Soviet International Master Rashid Nezhmetdinov in the same tournament (see diagram at right). Nezhmetdinov sacrificed pawns on moves 26, 36, and 41, a knight on move 45, and a bishop on move 47 -- and lost in 78 moves. [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102287]

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Nezhmetdinov-Ujtelky, Sochi 1964, position after Black's 18th move

The term "Hippopotamus Defense" has also been used to describe the much rarer and less respected line 1.e4 Nh6 2.d4 g6 3.c4 f6, an offshoot of the Adams Defense, 1.e4 Nh6?!

Illustrative Games

Spassky-Ujtelky, Sochi 1964 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 3.Nc3 a6 4.Nf3 d6 5.Bc4 e6 6.Bg5 Ne7 7.a4 h6 8.Be3 b6 9.O-O Nd7 10.Re1 O-O 11.Qd2 Kh7 12.Rad1 Bb7 13.Qe2 Qc8 14.Bf4 Rd8 15.h4 Nf8 16.Bb3 f6 17.Nb1 e5 18.Bc1 Ne6 19.c3 Rf8 20.Na3 f5? 21.dxe5 dxe5 22.Nxe5! Bxe5 23.exf5 Rxf5 24.Bc2 Rh5?? 25.Qxh5 1-0 [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1128620]

Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship 1966 (game 12) 1.Nf3 g6 2.c4 Bg7 3.d4 d6 4.Nc3 Nd7 5.e4 e6 6.Be2 b6 7.O-O Bb7 8.Be3 Ne7 9.Qc2 h6 10.Rad1 O-O 11.d5 e5 12.Qc1 Kh7 13.g3 f5 14.exf5 Nxf5 15.Bd3 Bc8 16.Kg2 Nf6 17.Ne4 Nh5 18.Bd2 Bd7 19.Kh1 Ne7 20.Nh4 Bh3 21.Rg1 Bd7 22.Be3 Qe8 23.Rde1 Qf7 24.Qc2 Kh8 25.Nd2 Nf5 26.Nxf5 gxf5 27.g4 e4 28.gxh5 f4 29.Rxg7 Qxg7 30.Rg1 Qe5 31.Nf3 exd3 32.Nxe5 dxc2 33.Bd4 dxe5 34.Bxe5+ Kh7 35.Rg7+ Kh8 36.Rg6+ Kh7 37.Rg7+ Kh8 38.Rg6+ Kh7 39.Rg7+ 1/2-1/2 [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106728]

Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship 1966 (game 16) 1.d4 g6 2.e4 Bg7 3.Nf3 d6 4.Be2 e6 5.c3 Nd7 6.O-O Ne7 7.Nbd2 b6 8.a4 a6 9.Re1 Bb7 10.Bd3 O-O 11.Nc4 Qe8 12.Bd2 f6 13.Qe2 Kh8 14.Kh1 Qf7 15.Ng1 e5 16.dxe5 fxe5 17.f3 Nc5 18.Ne3 Qe8 19.Bc2 a5 20.Nh3 Bc8 21.Nf2 Be6 22.Qd1 Qf7 23.Ra3 Bd7 24.Nd3 Nxd3 25.Bxd3 Bh6 26.Bc4 Qg7 27.Re2 Ng8 28.Bxg8 Rxg8 29.Nd5 Bxd2 30.Rxd2 Be6 31.b4 Qf7 32.Qe2 Ra7 33.Ra1 Rf8 34.b5 Raa8 35.Qe3 Rab8 36.Rf1 Qg7 37.Qd3 Rf7 38.Kg1 Rbf8 39.Ne3 g5 40.Rdf2 h5 41.c4 Qg6 42.Nd5 Rg8 43.Qe3 Kh7 44.Qd2 Rgg7 45.Qe3 Kg8 46.Rd2 Kh7 47.Rdf2 Rf8 48.Qd2 Rgf7 49.Qe3 1/2-1/2 [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106734]

Barczay-Ivkov, Sousse Interzonal 1967 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 3.Nf3 d6 4.Bc4 a6 5.O-O e6 6.Bg5 Ne7 7.Qd2 h6 8.Be3 Nd7 9.Nc3 b6 10.Rfe1 Bb7 11.a4 Nf6 12.e5 Nfd5 13.Bf4 Nxc3 14.Qxc3 O-O 15.exd6 cxd6 16.Qa3 Nf5 17.c3 Bxf3 18.gxf3 e5 19.Bg3 h5 20.dxe5 dxe5 21.Kh1 Qg5 0-1 [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1063042]

Baburin-Miles, 4NCL 2000-01 [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1403922] 1.d4 e6 2.c4 b6 An English Defense, but it soon transposes to a Hippopotamus. 3.a3 g6 4.Nc3 Bg7 5.e4 Ne7 6.Nf3 Bb7 7.Bd3 d6 8.0-0 Nd7 9.Re1 h6 10.h3 a6 11.Be3 g5 12.Rc1 c5 13.d5 Ng6 14.Bc2 Qe7 15.Qd2 0-0 16.Rcd1 Nde5 17.Nxe5 Bxe5 18.Bd3 Qf6 19.Na4 Rab8 20.Nxb6 Bc8 21.Na4 If 21.Nxc8 Rxb2! 22 Qa5 Rxc8 23 Qxa6 Rcb8 followed by ...Nf4 and ...Bd4. Bd7 22.Nc3 Rb3 23.Rb1 Rfb8 24.Nd1 exd5 25.cxd5 Nf4 26.Bxf4 gxf4 27.Bc2 Rxh3! 28.gxh3 Kh8 29.f3 Rg8+ 30.Kh1 Qh4 0-1 (Notes by John B. Henderson) This was one of Miles' last games, and posthumously won him the "Game of the Season" award. [http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:10bpUo_jqfgJ:www.rochadekuppenheim.de/heco/ar0111.html+Baburin+Miles+(%22English+Defence%22+OR+%22English+Defense%22)&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=7]

References

Further reading

* "The Hippopotamus Rises: The Re-emergence of a Chess Opening", Andrew Martin, Batsford Chess, 2005. ISBN 0-7134-8989-8
* [http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_bits_pieces/040417_Martin_Hippo.html Play the Hippo, by IM Andrew Martin]

External links

* [http://hippopotamuschess.hit.bg/ Starting out the Hippopotamus defence]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IMWNR-oJfE Unusual Opening: The Hippo part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZyuGFXN-Kk part 2] videos at Youtube