Hippolyta

In Greek mythology, Hippolyta or Hippolyte (Ἱππολύτη) is the Amazonian queen who possessed a magical girdle she was given by her father Ares, the god of war.

This woman of many names was one of the queens of the Amazons. The Amazons were a warrior race of women who were descended of Ares, the god of war. They would sometimes mate with men of other nations to create future generations, but they would raise only the girls, killing the boys.

Hippolyta first appears in myth when she is kidnapped by Theseus, who was accompanying Heracles on his quest against the Amazons. When Theseus first arrived at the land of the Amazons they expected no malice, and so Hippolyta came to his ship bearing gifts. Once she was aboard Theseus set sail for Athens, claiming the queen as his bride.

Theseus' brazen act sparked an Amazonomachy, a great battle between the Athenians and Amazons. The Amazons made camp in Attica on a hill that has been described as "bare and rocky", the Areopagus. It would become the most famous court of law of ancient times. The apostle Paul gave one of his best known speeches on the Areopagus [Acts 17:16-34] .

Even though Hippolyta bore a son to Theseus, who was called Hippolytus, she was cast off when Theseus had eyes for Phaedra. Scorned, Hippolyta went back to the Amazons, while Hippolytus had problems of his own with his new stepmother. (Some sources paint Theseus in a more favorable light, saying that Hippolyta was dead before he and Phaedra were wed.)

Hippolyta also appears in the myth of Heracles. It was her girdle that Heracles was sent to retrieve for Admeta, the daughter of king Eurystheus. The girdle was a waist belt from Ares that signified her authority as queen of the Amazons.

When Heracles landed the Amazons received him warmly and Hippolyta came to his ship to greet him. Upon hearing his request, she agreed to let him take the girdle. Hera, however, was not pleased, as was often the case with Heracles. To stop him, Hera came down to the Amazons disguised as one of their own and ran through the land, crying that Heracles meant to kidnap their queen. Probably remembering all too well what Theseus had done, the Amazons charged toward the ship to save Hippolyta. Fearing that Hippolyta had betrayed him, Hercules hastily killed her, ripped the girdle from her lifeless body, and set sail, narrowly escaping the raging warriors.

An alternate story of Hippolyta's death is a direct result of Theseus' marriage to Phaedra. With an army of Amazons behind her, Hippolyta returned to Athens and stormed into the wedding of Theseus and Phaedra. She declared that anyone partaking in the festivities would perish, but in the melee that ensued she was killed, either accidentally by her companion Penthesileia or by Theseus' men.

A third story of Hippolyta's death involved her sister, Penthesilea. Penthesilea had killed Hippolyta with a spear by accident when they were hunting deer; this accident caused Penthesilea so much grief that she wished only to die, but, as a warrior and an Amazon, she had to do so honorably and in battle. She therefore was easily convinced to join in the Trojan War, fighting on the side of Troy's defenders.

Since Hippolyta obviously could not die three times (there are no stories of divine intervention or resurrection) there exists a strange paradox in Hippolyta. Some sources explain away this paradox by saying that at least one of the stories involved Antiopê, rather than Hippolyta. Antiopê and Hippolyta are not the same woman, but, rather, are two separate queens of the Amazons, with different names and leading different lives.

The ninth labour of Hercules

Hercules' ninth labour for the oracle of Apollo was to obtain Hippolyta's girdle. Hippolyta was so intrigued by Heracles' muscles and lion skin that she gave him the girdle without a fight. In one version of the story, Hera, disguised as an Amazon, spread rumours among the Amazons that Hercules was trying to kidnap their queen. The Amazons attacked him, so Hercules killed Hippolyta in a rage, assuming that she had betrayed him. In another version, she survived and was abducted by Theseus, who made her his wife. Another variant states that Queen Hippolyta was killed by her own subjects, but it was only because Hera told them Hercules had come to kidnap the queen.

Antiope

After Hercules obtained the girdle, Theseus, one of Heracles's companions (along with Sthenelus and Telamon), kidnapped Antiope, another sister of Hippolyta. The Amazons then attacked the party (because Hercules' enemy Hera has spread a vicious rumour that Hercules was there to attack them or to kidnap Hippolyta), but Hercules and Theseus escaped with the girdle and Antiope. According to one version, Hercules killed Hippolyta as they fled. In order to rescue Antiope, the Amazons attacked Athens but failed, with Antiope dying in the onslaught in some versions.

Hippolytus

In many versions Theseus married either Antiope or Hippolyta, having a son named Hippolytus. Theseus eventually married Phaedra, either after having left his wife or after the death of his wife in childbirth. In the version in which Theseus was married to and left Hippolyta, she tried to exact revenge by bringing the Amazons to Theseus and Phaedra's wedding in order to kill everyone. In some versions, this failed when she was killed by Theseus' men; in other versions, she was killed by Penthesilea, her sister, in a hunting accident. Hippolytus is said to have been killed by Theseus, his father, at the command of Poseidon. Aphrodite is said to have been angered when Hippolytus refused to worship her and instead worshipped Artemis. She stirred Phaedra's love in her stepson, which angered Theseus.

Hippolyta in "A Midsummer Night's Dream"

In William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Hippolyta is engaged to Theseus, the duke of Athens.

In Act I, scene i Hippolyta and Theseus discuss their fast-approaching wedding, which will take place under the full moon in four days. Theseus declares to Hippolyta that, although he "wooed her with his sword" (which probably occurred when Theseus met the queen of the Amazons in battle), he will wed her "with pomp, with triumph, and with revelling" and he promises to begin a celebration that will continue until the wedding (I.i.19).

Hippolyta is then fairly absent in the play, appearing only with Theseus and rarely speaking, and only then in an insignificant manner. This continues until Act V, scene i, in which she and Theseus discuss the preceding events, namely the magical romantic confusions that the Athenian youths report from the night before. While Theseus is skeptical about the veracity of their tale, Hippolyta questions whether they would all have the same story if the night's adventures were indeed imagined. Rather, she argues, the youths' agreement on the way the night's events unfolded proves that things occurred just as they say. This is her final significant contribution to the play.

The fact that Hippolyta stands up to Theseus when she disagrees with him in Act V is extremely significant. In Shakespeare's time, it was common practice for the wife to be the submissive, silent partner in a relationship. Hippolyta's role in her relationship with Theseus is indeed striking.

Ellen Rogers of Madonna University delves further into the significance of Hippolyta's role in A Midsummer Night's Dream. She states that the play is unusual in its portrayal of strong women, perhaps the most extreme case being that of the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. In the Elizabethan age in which women are dependent on men, Hippolyta comes from a tribe of incredibly strong empowered women. Not only this, but she is the "leader" of this group in which men are actually dependent on the fearless women who protect them.

Rogers argues that Shakespeare uses the character of Hippolyta to enlighten his audience, who probably had negative preconceptions about the Amazonian race. As Louis Montrose notes: "Amazonian mythology seems symbolically to embody and to control a collective anxiety about the power of a female not only to dominate or reject the male but to create and destroy him." [Montrose, Louis Adrian. A Midsummer Night's Dream and the Shaping Fantasies of Elizabethan Culture: Gender, Power, Form. "Rewriting the Renaissance." Ed: Margaret Fergusun, Maureen Wuiling, Nancy Vickers. Chicago 1986: 65-87.] However, Hippolyta attracts Theseus with her feminine allure and charm, to such a degree that Theseus is completely smitten with her. Despite her forceful nature, she becomes the object of Theseus' passion. Rogers states that by marrying Hippolyta, Theseus is laying down his sword, "the weapon which gave him power and authority over her," and essentially surrendering to her. By the end of the play, Hippolyta has actually added to her power, becoming the queen of a new realm. [Rogers, Ellen. "Hippolyta in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.]

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