Raven banner

:"This article discusses the medieval flag. For the booklet, see The Raven Banner."The raven banner (in Old Norse, "Hrafnsmerki"; in Old English, "Hravenlandeye") was a flag, possibly totemic in nature, flown by various viking chieftains and other Scandinavian rulers during the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries CE. The flag, as depicted in Norse artwork, was roughly triangular, with a rounded outside edge on which there hung a series of tabs or tassels. It bore a resemblance to ornately carved "weather-vanes" used aboard Viking longships.

Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin, who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Hugin and Munin. Its intent may have been to strike fear in one's enemies by invoking the power of Odin. As one scholar notes regarding encounters between the Anglo-Saxons (who had Christianized from their indigenous Germanic paganism) and the invading Scandinavians (who retained their native form of Germanic paganism):

"The Anglo-Saxons probably thought that the banners were imbued with the evil powers of pagan idols, since the Anglo-Saxons were aware of the significance of Óðinn and his ravens in Norse mythology." [Hrafnhildur Bodvarsdottir 112.]

Raven symbolism in indigenous Scandinavian culture

The raven is a common iconic figure in Norse mythology. The highest god Odin had two ravens named Hugin and Munin ("thoughtful" and "mindful" respectively) who flew around the world bringing back tidings to their master. Therefore, one of Odin's many names was the "raven god" ("Hrafnaguð"). In "Gylfaginning" (c. 1220), the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson explains:

Odin was also closely linked to ravens because in Norse myths he received the fallen warriors at Valhalla, and ravens were linked with death and war due to their predilection for carrion. It is consequently likely that they were regarded as manifestations of the valkyries, goddesses who chose the valiant dead for military service in Valhalla. [ [http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/valkyrie.htm Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Valkyries, Wish-Maidens, and Swan-Maids ] ] A further connection between ravens and Valkyries was indicated in the shapshifting abilities of goddesses and Valkyries, who could appear in the form of birds. [Examples of this occur in "Þrymskviða", stanzas 3 and 4, when Freya lends her bird fetch to Loki; and in the Valkyrie Kára of whom an account survives in "Hrómundar saga Gripssonar".]

The raven appears in almost every skaldic poem describing warfare.Hjelmquist 142.] To make war was to feed and please the raven ("hrafna seðja", "hrafna gleðja"). An example of this is found in "Norna-Gests þáttr", where Regin recites the following poem after Sigurd kills the sons of Hunding:

Above all, kennings used in Norse poetry identify the raven as the bird of blood, corpses and battle;Hjelmquist 143.] he is the gull of the wave of the heap of corpses, who screams dashed with hail and craves morning steak as he arrives at the sea of corpses ("Hlakkar hagli stokkin már valkastar báru, krefr morginbráðar er kemr at hræs sævi").Hjelmquist citing "Fornmanna sögur III" p. 148, in Hjelmquist 143.]

In black flocks, the ravens hover over the corpses and the skald asks where they are heading ("Hvert stefni þér hrafnar hart með flokk hinn svarta").In a poem by Þórðr in "Bjarnar Saga Hitdælakappa", p. 67, cited in Hjelmquist 143.] The raven goes forth in the blood of those fallen in battle ("Ód hrafn í valblóði").Stanza 2, in "Krákumál", cited in Hjelmquist 143.] He flies from the field of battle with blood on his beak, human flesh in his talons and the reek of corpses from his mouth ("Með dreyrgu nefi, hold loðir í klóum en hræs þefr ór munni").Stanza 2 and 3, in "Haraldskvæði", cited in Hjelmquist 143.] The ravens who were the messengers of the highest god, Hugin and Munin, increasingly had hellish connotations, and as early as in the Christian "Sólarljóð", stanza 67, the ravens of Hel(l) ("heljar hrafnar") who tear the eyes off backtalkers are mentioned. Two curses in the "Poetic Edda" say "may ravens tear your heart asunder" ("Þit skyli hjarta rafnar slíta"). [in stanza 8 of "Guðrúnarkviða II" cited in Hjelmquist 144.] and "the ravens shall tear out your eyes in the high gallows" ("Hrafnar skulu þér á hám galga slíta sjónir ór"). [In stanza 45 in "Fjölsvinnsmál" cited in Hjelmquist 144.] Ravens are thus seen as instruments of divine (if harsh and unpleasant) justice.

Despite the violent imagery associated with them, early Scandinavians regarded the raven as a largely positive figure; battle and harsh justice were not viewed unfavorably in Norse culture. ["E.g., Woolf 63-81; Poole "passim".] Many Old Norse personal names referred to the raven, such as Hrafn, ["E.g., Gunnlaugs saga passim; Reykdaela saga" §13.] Hrafnkel ["E.g., Hrafnkels saga passim".] and Hrafnhild. ["E.g., Ketils saga hœngs § 3."]

Use by the purported sons of Ragnar Lodbrok

The raven banner was used by a number of Viking warlords regarded in Norse tradition as the sons of the Danish or Swedish king Ragnar Lodbrok. The first mention of a Viking force carrying a raven banner is in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". For the year 878, the "Chronicle" relates:

And in the winter of this same year the brother of Ivar and Halfdan landed in Wessex, in Devonshire, with 23 ships, and there was he slain, and 800 men with him, and 40 of his army. There also was taken the war-flag (guðfani), which they called "Raven".

The "Annals of Saint Neot" confirms the presence of the raven banner in the Great Heathen Army and adds insight into its seiðr- (witchcraft-) influenced creation and totemic and oracular nature:

It is said that three sisters of Hingwar and Habba [Ivar and Ubbe] , i.e., the daughters of Ragnar Loðbrok, had woven that banner and gotten it ready during one single midday's time. Further it is said that if they were going to win a battle in which they followed that signum, there was to be seen, in the center of the signum, a raven, gaily flapping its wings. But if they were going to be defeated, the raven dropped motionless. And this always proved true. [Lukman 141]

This account is repeated almost verbatim in Bishop Asser's "Life of King Alfred": "The daughters of Loðbrók had woven that banner and finished it during one single midday's time. It also is said that in any battle where the "signum" was borne before them, if they were to win victory one would see in the middle of the signum a living raven flying; but if they were about to be defeated, it hung straight and still." [" [V] exillum quod reafan vocant. Dicunt enim quod tres sorores Hungari et Habbae, filiae videlicet Lodebrochi illud vexillum texuerunt, et totum paraverunt illud uno meridiano tempore. Dicunt etiam quod in omni bello, ubi praecederet idem signum, si victoriam adepturi essent, appareret in medio signi quasi corvus vivus volitans; sin vero vincendi in futuro fuissent, penderet directe nihil movens: et hoc saepe probatum est." Grimm ch. 35] Geffrei Gaimar's "Estorie des Engles" (written around 1140) mentions the Hrafnsmerki being borne by the army of Ubbe at the Battle of Cynuit (878): " [t] he Raven was Ubbe's banner (gumfanun). He was the brother of Iware; he was buried by the Danes in a very big mound in Devonshire, called Ubbelawe." [Lukman, 141-142.]

Use in Orkney, Dublin and Jorvik

[
Olaf Cuaran, 10th century king of Dublin and Jorvik.] A triangular banner appearing to depict a bird (possibly a raven) appears on coins minted by Olaf Cuaran around 924. [It should be noted that many of the Norse-Gaelic dynasts in Britain and Ireland were of the Uí Ímair clan, which claimed descent from Ragnar Lodbrok through his son Ivar.] The coins feature a roughly right isosceles triangular standard, with the two equilateral sides situated at the top and staff, respectively. Along the hypotenuse are a series of five tabs or tassels. The staff is topped by what appears to be a cross; this may indicate a fusion of Norse pagan and Christian symbolism.The raven banner was also a standard used by the Norse Jarls of Orkney. According to the "Orkneyinga Saga", it was made for Sigurd the Stout by his mother, a völva or sorceress. She told him that the banner would "bring victory to the man it's carried before, but death to the one who carries it." The saga describes the flag as "a finely made banner, very cleverly embroidered with the figure of a raven, and when the banner fluttered in the breeze, the raven seemed to be flying ahead." Sigurd's mother's prediction came true when, according to the sagas, all of the bearers of the standard met untimely ends. ["Orkneyinga Saga" § 11.] The "curse" of the banner ultimately fell on Jarl Sigurd himself at the Battle of Clontarf:

Earl Sigurd had a hard battle against Kerthialfad, and Kerthialfad came on so fast that he laid low all who were in the front rank, and he broke the array of Earl Sigurd right up to his banner, and slew the banner-bearer. Then he got another man to bear the banner, and there was again a hard fight. Kerthialfad smote this man too his death blow at once, and so on one after the other all who stood near him. Then Earl Sigurd called on Thorstein the son of Hall of Sida, to bear the banner, and Thorstein was just about to lift the banner, but then Asmund the White said, "Don't bear the banner! For all they who bear it get their death." "Hrafn the Red!" called out Earl Sigurd, "bear thou the banner." "Bear thine own devil thyself," answered Hrafn. Then the earl said, "`Tis fittest that the beggar should bear the bag;'" and with that he took the banner from the staff and put it under his cloak. A little after Asmund the White was slain, and then the earl was pierced through with a spear. [Njal's Saga §156.]

According to the skaldic poem "Darraðarljóð", a man named Daurrud saw twelve women (possibly representative of the Valkyries) weaving a raven banner and then tearing it to shreds in a ritualistic fashion following the battle. [Njal's Saga §156.] Whether this account is intended to be taken literally is unclear, but it may indicate a ritual disposal of the hrafnsmerki following the death of its owner.

Other uses

The army of King Canute the Great of England, Norway and Denmark bore a raven banner made from white silk at the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016. The "Encomium Emmae" reports that Canute had

...a banner which gave a wonderful omen. I am well aware that this may seem incredible to the reader, but nevertheless I insert it in my veracious work because it is true: This banner was woven of the cleanest and whitest silk and no picture of any figures was found on it. In case of war, however, a raven was always to be seen, as if it were woven into it. If the Danes were going to win the battle, the raven appeared, beak wide open, flapping its wings and restless on its feet. If they were going to be defeated, the raven did not stir at all, and its limbs hung motionless. [Trætteberg 549-555.]

In his "Lives of Waltheof and his Father Sivard Digri (The Stout), the Earl of Northumberland", the English historian William of Ramsey (Bishop of Crowland) reports that the Danish jarl of Northumbria, Sigurd, was given a banner by an unidentified old sage. The banner was called "Ravenlandeye." [Lukman 148. Ramsay defines the name of the banner as "quod interpretatur corvus terrae terror," or "which means Raven, terror of the land."]

According to the Heimskringla, Harald Hardrada flew a raven banner called "Landøyðan" or "Land-waster"; whether this was the same banner as that flown by Sigurd of Northumbria is unclear. In a conversation between Harald and King Sweyn II of Denmark,

Sveinn asked Haraldr which of his possessions of his he valued most highly. He answered that it was his banner (merki), "Landøyðan". Thereupon Sveinn asked what virtue it had to be accounted so valuable. Haraldr replied that it was prophesied that victory would be his before whom this banner was borne; and added that this had been the case ever since he had obtained it. Thereupon Sveinn said, "I shall believe that your flag has this virtue if you fight three battles with King Magnús, your kinsman, and are victorious in all." ["Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar" § 22.]

Years later, during Harald's invasion of England, Harald fought a pitched battle against two English earls outside York. Harald's Saga relates that

when King Haraldr saw that the battle array of the English had come down along the ditch right opposite them, he had the trumpets blown and sharply urged his men to the attack, raising his banner called Landøyðan. And there so strong an attack was made by him that nothing held against it. ["Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar" § 85.]

Harald's army flew the banner at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where it was carried by a warrior named Frírek. After Harald was struck by an arrow and killed, his army fought fiercely for possession of the banner, and some of them went berserk in their frenzy to secure the flag. In the end the "magic" of the banner failed, and the bulk of the Norwegian army was slaughtered, with only a few escaping to their ships. ["Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar" § 88.]

Other than the dragon banner of Olaf II of Norway, the "Landøyðan" of Harald Hardrada is the only early Norwegian royal standard described by Snorri Sturluson in the Heimskringla. [Cappelen 34-37.]

In two panels of the famous Bayeux tapestry, standards are shown which appear to be raven banners. The Bayeux tapestry was commissioned by Bishop Odo, the half-brother of William the Conqueror; as one of the combatants at the Battle of Hastings, Odo would have been familiar with the standards carried into the fight. In one of the panels, depicting a Norman cavalry charge against an English shield-wall, a charging Norman knight is depicted with a semicircular banner emblazoned with a standing black bird. In a second, depicting the deaths of Harold Godwinson's brothers, a triangular banner closely resembling that shown on Olaf Cuaran's coin lies broken on the ground. Scholars are divided as to whether these are simply relics of the Normans' Scandinavian heritage (or for that matter, the Scandinavian influence in Anglo-Saxon England) or whether they reflect an undocumented Norse presence in either the Norman or English army. [Barraclough "passim". It should, of course, be noted that by 1066, all of the armies involved in hostilities in the British Isles, Norwegian, English and Norman, were at least nominally Christian. The Normans were in many ways, including linguistically, quite far removed from their Norse origins.]

Despite claims that the Hrafnsmerki was the first European flag in the New World, there is no indication that it was ever carried as a universal flag of Scandinavians, and no source assigns it to the Vinland settlers (or any other Icelandic or Greenlandic group). [Engene 1-2; "see also" Barraclough "passim".]

ee also

*Valravn
*Hugin and Munin

Notes

References

*"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle." (English translation). Everymans Library, 1991.
*Barraclough, Captain E.M.C. "The Raven Flag". "Flag Bulletin". Vol. X, No. 2-3. Winchester, MA: The Flag Research Center (FRC), 1969.
*Cappelen, Hans. "Litt heraldikk hos Snorre." "Heraldisk tidsskrift" No. 51, 1985.
*Dumville, David and Michael Lapidge, eds. "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Vol 17: The Annals of St. Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti". Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer. 1985.
*Engene, Jan Oskar. "The Raven Banner and America." "NAVA News", Vol. XXIX, No. 5, 1996, pp. 1-2.
*Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen. "Viking Empires". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
*Grimm, Jakob. "Teutonic Mythology." 4 vols. Trans. James Steven Stallybras. New York: Dover, 2004.
* [http://runeberg.org/antiqtid/12/ Hjelmquist, Theodor. "Naturskildringarna i den norröna diktningen". In Hildebrand, Hans (ed). "Antikvarisk tidskrift för Sverige", Vol 12. Ivar Hæggströms boktryckeri, Stockholm. 1891.]
*Hrafnhildur Bodvarsdottir. "The Function of the Beasts of Battle in Old English Poetry." PhD Dissertation, 1976, University of New York at Stony Brook. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 1989.
*Lukman, N. "The Raven Banner and the Changing Ravens: A Viking Miracle from Carolingian Court Poetry to Saga and Arthurian Romance." "Classica et Medievalia" 19 (1958): p. 133-151.
*"Njal's Saga". Trans. George DaSent. London, 1861.
*"Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney". Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1978). London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-7012-0431-1. Republished 1981, Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044383-5.
*Poole, R. G. "Viking Poems on War and Peace: A Study in Skaldic Narrative." Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1991.
*Sturluson, Snorri. "King Harald's Saga." "Heimskringla". Penguin Classics, 2005.
*Trætteberg, Hallvard. "Merke og Fløy". "Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder", Vol. XI, Oslo, 1966, columns 549-555.
*Woolf, Rosemary. "The Ideal of Men Dying with their Lord in the Germania and in The Battle of Maldon." "Anglo-Saxon England" Vol. 5, 1976.

External links

* [http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/banners.shtml Viking Answer Lady on Viking flags]
* [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/njal/ "Njal's Saga" - Public domain edition of translated by George DaSent, 1861, at Northvegr.org]
* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xn_raven.html The Raven Banner]