Constitution of Chile

Chile

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The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 (via referendum) and on September 22, 2005 (legislatively), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925. In its original permanent dispositions, it gave the President of the Republic a large amount of power; however, some of these dispositions, such as the power of dissolving the Lower Chamber of Congress and serving eight year terms with possibility of reelection, were modified or eliminated after 1990, when the country regained its democracy and the Congress was reestablished. It created some new institutions, such as the Constitutional Tribunal and the controversial National Security Council (COSENA).

In its temporary dispositions, the document ordered the transition from the former military government, with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power of the Military Junta (formed by the heads of the navy, air force, National Police, and a representative of the army, the head of the Army being president of the republic), to a civil one, with a time frame of eight years, during which the Legislative Power would still be the Military Junta. It set the first eight year presidential term for Pinochet, with a plebiscite in the eighth year, in which only one candidate, nominated by the Junta, would be accepted or not. The candidate, as expected, was Pinochet himself. While the steps to follow in the case of a triumph of the "yes" option, which the document obviously anticipated, were clearly delineated, the steps for the "no" triumph were less so, but still clear enough that no serious doubt emerged when the "no" option actually was victorious in the 1988 plebiscite.

After the plebiscite, several modifications to the Constitution were agreed and subjected to referendum, among them a simplification on the mechanism of future modification.

In 2005 over 50 reforms were approved, which eliminated some of the remaining undemocratic areas of the text, such as the existence of non-elected Senators (appointed senators, or senators for life) and the inability of the President to remove the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. These reforms led the President to controversially declare Chile's transition to democracy as complete. However, the anti-terrorist measures of it remained in force.

Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980

Timeline of Constitutions

• Reglamento para el arreglo de la Autoridad Ejecutiva Provisoria de Chile 1811
• Reglamento Constitucional 1812
• Reglamento para el gobierno Provisorio 1814
• Constitución de 1818
• Constitución de 1822
• Constitución de 1823
• Ensayo Federal de 1826
• Constitución de 1828
• Constitución de 1833 - Written among others by Mariano Egaña and Manuel José Gandarillas
  • Reinterpreted after the 1891 Civil War augmenting the power of the National Congress of Chile
• Constitución de 1925 - Written among others by Arturo Alessandri Palma and José Maza
• Constitución de 1980 - Written among others by Jaime Guzmán
  • Has been reformed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.

See also

• Chilean transition to democracy
• Constitutional economics
• Constitutionalism

References

• Brief review of Chile's constitutional history - Chile's Library of Congress (in Spanish)

External links

• 2005 recasting of the 1980 Constitution (PDF version) (Spanish original)
• Official translation of the original 1980 Constitution (PDF file)
• Text of Chilean constitutions - Library of Congress of Chile (Spanish original)
• "Untying the knot" (The Economist)