Bouncer (doorman)

Bouncer (Doorman or Door Supervisor)

A bouncer standing at the door of a strip club in San Francisco, California
Occupation
Names	Security guard, doorman
Activity sectors	Security, entertainment
Description
Competencies	Communication skills, judgment, level-headedness
Education required	Some jurisdictions require completion of training

A bouncer (also known as a Doorman, Door Supervisor or Cooler) is an informal term for a type of security guard employed at venues such as bars, nightclubs or concerts to provide security, check legal age, and refuse entry to a venue based on criteria such as intoxication, aggressive behavior, or attractiveness. Bouncers are often required where crowd size, clientele or alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights commonplace.^[1]

In the United States, civil liability and court costs related to the use of force by bouncers are "the highest preventable loss found within the [bar] industry..." and other countries have found similar issues related to the excessive use of force. Studies suggest that one of the reasons that some bouncers emphasise physical force is their self image as a strongly masculine group, which requires them to respond to aggression in violent ways. In many countries, federal or state governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by requiring bouncers to have training, licensing, and/or a criminal records background check.

History

In the 1990s and 2000s, increased awareness of the risks of lawsuits and criminal charges (particularly in the United States and industrialised world) have led many bars and venues to train their bouncers to use communication and conflict resolution skills rather than brute force against troublemakers. However, the earlier history of the occupation suggests that the stereotype of bouncers as rough, tough, physical enforcers has indeed been the case in many countries and cultures throughout history. Historical references also suggest that the 'doorman' function of guarding a place and selecting who can have entry to it (the stereotypical task of the modern bouncer) could at times be a honorific and evolve into a relatively important position.

Ancient times

The significance of the doorman as the person allowing (or barring) entry is found in a number of Mesopotamian myths (and later in Greek myths descended from them), including that of Nergal overcoming the seven doormen guarding the gates to the Underworld.^[2][3]

In 1 Chronicles 26 of the Old Testament, the Levitical Temple is described as having a number of 'gatekeepers' - amongst their duties are "protect[ing] the temple from theft", from "illegal entry into sacred areas" and "maintain[ing] order", all functions they share with the modern concept of the bouncer, though the described temple servants also serve as holy persons and administrators themselves^[4] (it is noted that some administrative function is still present in today's bouncing in the higher position of the supervisor).

The Romans had a position known as the 'Ostiarius' (doorkeeper), initially a slave or other such inferior personage, who guarded the door, and sometimes ejected unwanted people from the house whose gate he guarded. The term later become a low-ranking clergy title.^[5]

Plautus, in his play Bacchides (written approximately 194-184 BC), mentions a "large and powerful" doorman / bouncer as a threat to get an unwelcome visitor to leave.^[6]

Tertullian, an early Christian author living mainly in the 1st century AD, while reporting on the casual oppression of Christians in Carthage, noted that bouncers were counted as part of a semi-legal underworld, amongst other 'shady' characters such as gamblers and pimps.^[7]

Modern times

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, US saloon-keepers and brothel madams hired bouncers to remove troublesome, violent, or dead-drunk patrons, and protect the saloon girls and prostitutes. The word "bouncer" was first popularized in a novel by Horatio Alger, Jr., called The Young Outlaw, which was first published in 1875. Alger was an immensely popular author in the 19th century, especially with young people and his books were widely quoted. In Chapter XIV, entitled "Bounced", a boy is thrown out of a restaurant because he has no money to pay for his dinner:

“

"Here, Peter, you waited on this young man, didn't you?" "Yes, sir." "He hasn't paid for his breakfast, and pretends he hasn't got any money. Bounce him!" If Sam was ignorant of the meaning of the word 'bounce,' he was soon enlightened. The waiter seized him by the collar, before he knew what was going to happen, pushed him to the door, and then, lifting his foot by a well-directed kick, landed him across the sidewalk into the street. This proceeding was followed by derisive laughter from the other waiters who had gathered near the door, and it was echoed by two street urchins outside, who witnessed Sam's ignominious exit from the restaurant. Sam staggered from the force of the bouncing, and felt disgraced and humiliated to think that the waiter who had been so respectful and attentive should have inflicted upon him such an indignity, which he had no power to resent.

”

An 1883 newspaper article stated that "'The Bouncer' is merely the English 'chucker out'. When liberty verges on license and gaiety on wanton delirium, the Bouncer selects the gayest of the gay, and - bounces him!"^[8]

19th century

An Arizona saloon in 1885, from the era when bouncers earned their rough and tumble reputation by forcibly ejecting brawlers

In US Western towns in the 1870s, high-class brothels known as "good houses" or “parlour houses” hired bouncers for security and to prevent patrons from evading payment. “Good house”-style brothels “...considered themselves the cream of the crop, and [the prostitutes working there] scorned those who worked in (or out of) saloons, dance halls, and theatres.” The best bordellos looked like respectable mansions, with attractively-decorated parlours, a game room and a dance hall. For security, “somewhere in every parlor house there was always a bouncer, a giant of a man who stayed sober to handle any customer who got too rough with one of the girls or didn't want to pay his bill.” The “protective presence” of bouncers in high-class brothels was “...one of the reasons the girls considered themselves superior to [lower-class] free-lancers, who lacked any such shepherds.”^[9]

In Wisconsin's lumberjack days, bouncers would physically remove drinkers who were too drunk to keep buying drinks, and thus free up space in the bar for new patrons. The slang term 'snake-room' was used to describe a "...room off a saloon, usually two or three steps down, into which a bar-keeper or the bouncer could slide drunk lumber-jacks head first through swinging doors from the bar-room."^[10] In the late 19th century, until Prohibition, bouncers also had the unusual role of protecting the saloon's buffet. To attract business, "...many saloons lured customers with offers of a "free lunch"—usually well salted to inspire drinking, and the saloon "bouncer" was generally on hand to discourage [those with too] hearty appetites".^[11]

In the late 19th century, bouncers at small town dances and bars physically resolved disputes and removed troublemakers, without worrying about lawsuits. In the main bar in one Iowa town, "...there were many quarrels, many fights, but all were settled on the spot. There were no court costs [for the bouncers or the bar]; only some aches and pains [for the troublemakers]."^[12]

In the 1880s and 1890s, bouncers were used to maintain order in the "The Gut", the roughest part of New York's Coney Island, which was filled with "ramshackle groups of wooden shanties", bars, cabarets, fleabag hotels and brothels. Huge bouncers patrolled these venues of vice and "roughly ejected anyone who violated the loose rules of decorum" by engaging in pick-pocketing, jewellry thieving, or bloody fights.^[13]

During the 1890s, San Diego had a similarly rough waterfront area and redlight district called the 'Stingaree', where bouncers worked the door at brothels. Prostitutes worked at the area's 120 bawdy houses in small rooms, paying a fee to the procurer who usually was the bouncer or 'protector' of the brothel. The more expensive, higher-class brothels were called “parlour houses”, and they were "run most decorously", and the "best of food and drink was served." To maintain the high-class atmosphere at these establishments, male patrons were expected to act like gentlemen; "...if any customer did or said anything out of line, he was asked to leave. A bouncer made sure he did".^[14]

20th century

Bouncers in pre-World War I United States were also sometimes used as the guardians of morality. As ballroom dancing was often considered as an activity which could lead to immoral conduct if the dancers got too close, some of the more reputable venues had bouncers to remind patrons not to dance closer than nine inches to their partners. The bouncers' warnings tended to consist of light taps on the shoulder at first, and then progressed to sterner remonstrations.^[15]

In the 1930s, bars in the bawdiest parts of Baltimore, Maryland docks hired bouncers to maintain order and eject aggressive patrons. The Oasis club, operated by Max Cohen, hired "...a lady bouncer by the name of Mickey Steele, a six-foot acrobat from the Pennsylvania coal fields. Mickey was always considerate of the people she bounced; first asking them where they lived and then throwing them in that general direction. She was succeeded by a character known as 'Machine-Gun Butch' who was a long-time bouncer at the club".^[16]

In the Weimar Republic in the Germany of the 1920s and early 1930s, doormen protected venues from the fights caused by Nazis and other potentially violent groups (such as Communists). Such scenes were fictionalised in the movie Cabaret. Hitler surrounded himself with a number of former bouncers such as Christian Weber;^[17] the SS originated as a group designated to protect party meetings.^[18]

In early Nazi Germany, some bouncers in underground jazz clubs were also hired to screen for Nazi spies, because jazz was considered a "degenerate" form of music by the Nazi party.^[19] Later during the Nazi regime, bouncers also increasingly barred non-German people (such as foreign workers) from public functions, such as 'German' dances at dance halls.^[20]

The doorman from the Ohio-Bar in Berlin in 1948

Bouncers also often come into conflict with football hooligans, due to the tendency of groups of hooligans to congregate at pubs and bars before and after games. In the United Kingdom for example, long-running series of feuds between fan groups like The Blades and groups of bouncers in the 1990s were described by researchers.^[21]

Bouncers have also been known to be associated with criminal gangs, especially in places like Russia, Hong Kong or Japan, where bouncers may often belong to these groups or have to pay the crime syndicates to be able to operate.^[22] In Hong Kong, triad-connected reprisal or intimidation attacks against bouncers have been known to occur.^[23]

Hong Kong also features a somewhat unusual situation where some bouncers are known to work for prostitutes, instead of being their pimps. Hong Kong police have noted that due to the letter of the law, they sometimes had to charge the bouncer for illegally extorting the women when the usually expected dominance situation between the sex worker and her 'protector' was in fact reversed.^[24]

In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of bouncers have written "tell-all" books about their experiences on the door. They indicate that male bouncers are respected by some club-goers as the ultimate 'hard men', while at the same time, these bouncers can also be lightning rods for aggression and macho posturing on the part of obnoxious male customers wanting to prove themselves.^[25] Bouncing has also started to attract some academic interest as part of ethnographic studies into violent subcultures. Bouncers were selected as one of the groups studied by several English researchers in the 1990s because their culture was seen as 'grounded in violence', as well as because the group had increasingly been 'demonised', especially in common liberal discourse (see Research section of this article).^[26]

Research and sociology

Outside studies

In the early 1990s, an Australian government study on violence stated that violent incidents in public drinking locations are caused by the interaction of five factors: aggressive and unreasonable bouncers, groups of male strangers, low comfort (e.g., unventilated, hot clubs), high boredom, and high drunkenness. The research indicated that bouncers did not play as large a role "... as expected in the creation of an aggressive or violence prone atmosphere [in bars]." However, the study did show that "...edgy and aggressive bouncers, especially when they are arbitrary or petty in their manner, do have an adverse effect." The study stated that bouncers:

"...have been observed to initiate fights or further encourage them on several occasions. Many seem poorly trained, obsessed with their own machismo, and relate badly to groups of male strangers. Some of them appear to regard their employment as giving them a licence to assault people. This may be encouraged by management adherence to a repressive model of supervision of patrons ("if they play up, thump 'em"), which in fact does not reduce trouble, and exacerbates an already hostile and aggressive situation. In practice many bouncers are not well managed in their work, and appear to be given a job autonomy and discretion that they cannot handle well."^[27]

A 1998 article "Responses by Security Staff to Aggressive Incidents in Public Settings" in the Journal of Drug Issues examined 182 violent incidents involving crowd controllers (bouncers) that occurred in bars in Toronto, Canada. The study indicated that in 12% of the incidents the bouncers had good responses, in 20% of the incidents, the bouncers had a neutral response; and in 36% of the incidents, the bouncers "... responses were rated as bad—that is, the crowd controllers enhanced the likelihood of violence but were themselves not violent." Finally, "... in almost one-third of incidents, 31 per cent, the crowd controllers' responses were rated as ugly. The controllers' actions involved gratuitous aggression, harassment of patrons and provocative behaviour."^[28]

Inside studies

At least one major ethnographic study also observed bouncing from within, as part of a British project to study violent subcultures. Beyond studying the bouncer culture from the outside, the group selected a suitable candidate for covert, long-term research. The man had previously worked as a bouncer before becoming an academic, and while conversant with the milieu, it required some time for him to re-enter bouncing work in a new locality.^[29] The study has, however, attracted some criticism due to the fact that the researcher, while fulfilling his duties as a bouncer and being required to set aside his academic distance, would have been at risk of losing objectivity - though it was accepted that this quandary might be difficult to resolve.^[30]

One of the main ethical issues of the research was the participation of the researcher in violence, and to what degree he would be allowed to participate. The group could not fully resolve this issue, as the undercover researcher would not have been able to gain the trust of his peers while shying away from the use of force. As part of the study it eventually became clear that bouncers themselves were similarly and constantly weighing up the limits and uses of their participation in violence. The research however found that instead of being a part of the occupation, violence itself was the defining characteristic, a "culture created around violence and violent expectation".^[26]

The bouncing culture's insular attitudes also extended to the recruitment process, which was mainly by word of mouth as opposed to typical job recruitment, and also depended heavily on previous familiarity with violence. This does not extend to the prospective bouncer himself having to have a reputation for violence - rather a perception was needed that he could deal with it if required. Various other elements, such as body language or physical looks (muscles, shaved heads) were also described as often expected for entry into bouncing - being part of the symbolic 'narratives of intimidation' that set bouncers apart in their work environment.^[26]

Training on the job was described as very limited, with the new bouncers being 'thrown into the deep end' - the fact that they had been accepted for the job in the first place including the assessment that they should know what they are doing (though informal observation of a beginner's behaviour was commonplace). In the case of the British research project, the legally required licensing as a bouncer was also found to be expected by employers before applicants started the job (and as licensing generally excluded people with criminal convictions, this kept out some of the more unstable violent personalities).^[26]

Personality and behaviour

Character

A bouncer at the door of a Norwegian club checking customer identification for proof of age.

Although a common stereotype of bouncers is that of the thuggish brute, a good club security staff member requires more than just physical qualities such as strength and size: "The best bouncers don’t "bounce" anyone... they talk to people" (and remind them of the venue rules).^[1][31]

An ability to judge and communicate well with people will reduce the need for physical intervention, while a steady personality will prevent the bouncer from being easily provoked by customers. Bouncers also profit from good written communication skills, because they are often required to document assaults in an incident log or using an incident form. Well-kept incident logs can "cover the employee's back" if criminal charges or a lawsuit later arise from an incident.^[32]

However, British research from the 1990s also indicates that a major part of both the group identity and the job satisfaction of bouncers is related to their self image as a strongly masculine person who is capable of dealing with – and dealing out – violence; their employment income plays a lesser role in their job satisfaction. Bouncer subculture is strongly influenced by perceptions of honour and shame, a typical characteristic of groups that are constantly in the public eye.^[33] Factors in enjoying work as a bouncer were also found in the general prestige and respect that was accorded to bouncers, sometimes bordering on hero worship. The camaraderie between bouncers (even of different clubs), as well as the ability to work "in the moment" and outside of the drudgery of typical jobs were also often cited.^[34]

The same research has also indicated that the decisions made by bouncers, while seeming haphazard to an outsider, often have a basis in rational logic. The decision to turn certain customers away at the door because of too casual clothing is for example often based on the perception that the person will be more willing to fight (compared to someone dressed in expensive attire). Many similar decisions taken by a bouncer during the course of a night are also being described as based on experience rather than just personality.^[35]

Use of force

Excessive force

Movies often depict bouncers physically throwing patrons out of clubs and restraining drunk customers with headlocks, which has led to a popular misconception that bouncers have (or reserve) the right to use physical force freely. However, in many countries bouncers have no legal authority to use physical force more freely than any other civilian—meaning they are restricted to reasonable levels of force used in self defense, to eject drunk or aggressive patrons refusing to leave a venue, or when restraining a patron who has committed an offence until police arrive.^[32][36] Lawsuits are possible if injuries occur, even if the patron was drunk or using aggressive language.^[32]

With civil liability and court costs related to the use of force as "the highest preventable loss found within the industry..." (US)^[32] and bars being "sued more often for using unnecessary or excessive force than for any other reason" (Canada),^[37] substantial costs may be incurred by indiscriminate violence against patrons—though this depends heavily on the laws and customs of the country. In Australia, the number of complaints and lawsuits against venues due to the behaviour of their bouncers has been credited with turning many establishments to using former police officers to head their in-house security, instead of hiring private firms.^[38]

According to statistical research in Canada, bouncers are as likely to face physical violence in their work as urban-area police officers. The research also found that the likelihood of such encounters increased (with statistical significance) with the number of years the bouncer had worked in his occupation.^[39] Despite popular misconceptions, bouncers in Western countries are normally unarmed.^[40][41] Some bouncers may carry weapons such as expandable batons for personal protection,^[42] but they may not have a legal right to carry a weapon even if they would prefer to do so.

Alternatives

Use of force training programs teach bouncers ways to avoid using force and explain what types of force are considered allowable by the courts.^[32] Some bars have gone so far as to institute policies barring physical contact, where bouncers are instructed to ask a drunk or disorderly patron to leave - if the patron refuses, the bouncers call police. However, if the police are called too frequently, it can reflect badly on the venue upon renewal of its liquor licence.^[43]

Another strategy used in some bars is to hire smaller, less threatening or female bouncers, because they may be better able to defuse conflicts than large, intimidating bouncers. The more 'impressive' bouncers, in the often tense environments they are supposed to supervise, are also often challenged by aggressive males wanting to prove their machismo.^[25] Large and intimidating bouncers, whilst providing an appearance of strong security, may also drive customers away in cases where a more relaxed environment is desired.^[31] In addition, female security staff, apart from having fewer problems searching female patrons for drugs or weapons, and being able to enter women's wash rooms to check for illegal activities, are also considered as better able to deal with drunk or aggressive women.^[44]

In Australia, for example, women comprise almost 20% of the security industry and increasingly work the door as well, using "a smile, chat and a friendly but firm demeanor" to resolve tense situations.^[45] Nearly one in nine of Britain's nightclub bouncers are also women, with the UK's 2003 Licensing Act giving the authorities "discretionary power to withhold a venue's licence if it does not employ female door staff." This is credited with having "opened the door for women to enter the profession.".^[44] However, female bouncers are still a rarity in many countries, such as in India, where two women who became media celebrities in 2008 for being "Punjab's first female bouncers" were soon sacked again after accusations of unbecoming behaviour.^[46][47]

Regulation and training

In many countries, a bouncer must be licensed and lacking a criminal record to gain employment within the security/crowd control sector. In some countries or regions, bouncers may be required to have extra skills or special licenses and certification for first aid, alcohol distribution, crowd control, or fire safety.

Canada

In Canada, bouncers have the right to use reasonable force to expel intoxicated or aggressive patrons. First, the patron must be asked to leave the premises. If the patron refuses to leave, the bouncer can use reasonable force to expel the patron. This has been upheld in a number of court cases.^[36] Under the definition of 'reasonable force', "it is perfectly acceptable [for the bouncer] to grab a patron’s arm to remove the patron from the premises." However, "Only in situations where employees reasonably believe that the conduct of the patron puts them in danger can they inflict harm on a patron and then only to the extent that such force is necessary for self defence."^[36]

In Alberta, bar and nightclub security staff will have to take a new, government-run training course on correct bouncer behaviour and skills before the end of 2008. The six-hour 'ProTect' course will, among other subjects, teach staff to identify conflicts before they become violent, and how to defuse situations without resorting to force.^[48]

In Ontario, courts have ruled that "a tavern owes a twofold duty of care to its patrons. It must ensure that it does not serve alcohol which would apparently intoxicate or increase the patron's intoxication. As well, it must take positive steps to protect patrons and others from the dangers of intoxication." Regarding the second requirement of protecting patrons, the law holds that "customers cannot be ejected from your premises if doing so would put them in danger [e.g., due to the patron's intoxication]. Bars can be held liable for ejecting a customer who they know, or should know, is at risk of injury by being ejected."^[37]

In Ontario, bartenders and servers have to have completed the Smart Serve Training Program, which teaches them to recognise the signs of intoxication. The Smart Serve program is also recommended for other staff in bars who have contact with potentially intoxicated patrons, such as bouncers, coat check staff, and valets. The Smart Serve certification program encourages bars to keep Incident Reporting Logs, to use as evidence if an incident gets to court.^[37] With the August 2007 Private Security and Investigative Services Act, Ontario law also requires security industry workers, including bouncers to be licensed.^[49]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, there is no national-level regulation of bouncers as of 2006. The New Zealand Security Association supports the Hospitality Association of New Zealand's efforts to introduce certification for bouncers, doormen and other people responsible for security at bars and sporting events. The association argues that security officers should be "...properly trained professionals, not just a 'big thug' to stand at the door", decrying the practice of using "unlicensed, untrained security staff". The organisation has been lobbying the New Zealand government to introduce legislation on training requirements for bar security staff.^[50]

Singapore

Singapore requires all bouncers to undergo a background check and attend a 5-day 'National Skills Recognition System' course for security staff. However, many of the more professional security companies (and larger venues with their own dedicated security staff) have noted that the course is insufficient for the specific requirements of a bouncer and provide their own additional training.^[51][52]SIA

United Kingdom

In the UK, "door supervisors" - as they are termed - must hold a licence from the Security Industry Authority. The training for a door supervisor licence takes 30 hours, and includes issues such as behaviour, conflict management, civil and criminal law, search and arrest procedures, drug awareness, recording of incidents and crime scene preservation, licensing law, equal opportunities and discrimination, health and safety at work, physical intervention, and emergency procedures.^[53] Licenses must be renewed every three years. One current provider of training is the British Institute of Innkeeping Awarding Body.

The 2010 UK quango reforms includes the SIA amongst amongst many other Quangos the Conservatives intended to be disbanded, ostensibly on the overall grounds of cost, despite the SIA being essentially self-funding via licence payments. Whilst this may alleviate to some extent the financial burden on employers and individuals alike, the vast majority of the industry sees this as a retrograde step, fearing a return of the organised criminal element to the currently regulated industry.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland all potential doormen (Bouncers) must complete a FETAC level 4 course in Door Security Procedures. This allows them to apply for a PSA license (Private Security Authority) The PSA vet all applicants before issuing a license, Subsequently some past convictions will disqualify an applicant from working in the security industry. The license issued by the PSA entitles the holder of the license to work on pubs,clubs and event security. It is to be noted that currently event security is an unlicensed sector in Ireland and one does not require a PSA license to provide a security service at an event. However the PSA in conjunction with some of the major security companies in Ireland are in the process of regulating the events sector, As a means for continuous development of standards.

United States

A bouncer with a bar's hired stiltwalker in the East Village.

Requirements for bouncers vary from state to state, with some examples being:

California:

In California, Senate Bill 194 requires any bouncer or security guard to be registered with the State of California Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Security and Investigative Services. These guards must also complete a criminal background check, including submitting their fingerprints to the California Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Californians must undertake the "Skills Training Course for Security Guards" before receiving a security licence. Further courses allow for qualified security personnel to carry batons upon completion of training.^[54]

New York:

In New York State, it is illegal for a bar owner to knowingly hire a felon for a bouncer position. Under Article 7 General Business Law, bars and nightclubs are not allowed to hire bouncers without a proper license. Under New York state law only a Private Investigator or Watch, Guard and Patrol Agency can supply security guards/bouncers to bars ^[55]

Notable names

• Dave Batista, former WWE superstar, worked as a bouncer in Washington, DC, nightclubs prior to his wrestling career.^[56]
• Al Capone, Chicago-based gangster, worked as a bartender/bouncer in his early life.^[57]
• Geoff Thompson, British bouncer and author of the book Watch My Back.^[58]
• Glenn Ross, Northern Irish bouncer and strongman.^[59]
• James Gandolfini, American actor who worked as a bouncer at an on-campus pub while studying at Rutgers University.^[60]
• Lenny McLean, British bare-knuckle boxing heavyweight champion who also worked as a head doorman at London nightclubs.^[61]
• Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor and former bouncer who also worked as a bodyguard for various celebrities.^[62]
• Mr. T, American actor, former bouncer and twice winner of the "America's Toughest Bouncer" competition.^[63]
• Road Warrior Animal (Joseph Laurinaitis), a professional wrestling tag-team star who worked as a bouncer.^[64]
• Vincent D'Onofrio, American actor on Law & Order: Criminal Intent.^[65]
• Vin Diesel, American actor who created his 'Vin Diesel' pseudonym to protect his anonymity while working as a bouncer.^[40]
• Ivan 'Doc' Holiday, Canadian bouncer and author of The Cooler's Grimiore.^[66]

Other meanings

In animals

Some types of ant species have evolved a sub-specialisation that has been called a 'bouncer', and performs a similar function (throwing intruders outside) for its fellows. The majors of the Australian Dacetine Orectognathus versicolor ants have massive blunt mandible jaws which are of little use to the prey-capture techniques this trap jaw species normally engages in. Instead, they spend much of their time guarding the nest opening, their jaws cocked. When foreign ants venture close, the force of the mandibles is sufficient to throw back the intruder for a significant distance, a defense behaviour which is thought to also protect the guard against physical or chemical injury that it might sustain in more direct battle.^[67]

In social control

Some critics have noted that the European Union has assigned the job of being its border security 'bouncers' to various non-EU North African countries like Morocco, Algeria or Libya, who are to turn away refugees (often with severe ill-treatment) before they can reach Europe to request asylum,^[68] analogous to a club bouncer turning away undesirable customers.

In a similar analogy, some social theorists have expressed the state itself as a form of 'bouncer' which "pushes and punches drifters [people who do not conform with social norms] back to where they are supposed to be" - though, depending on society, some states may be much more heavy-handed and proactive in this.^[69]

See also

In general:

• Violence in bars and pubs
• Bodyguard
• Security guard
• Security Industry Authority (UK regulatory agency)

In popular culture:

• Minuit, le soir, a Canadian television series portraying the lives of bouncers in Montreal.
• The Bouncer, a beat 'em up video game for the PlayStation 2, released by Square Co..
• Bouncers, a stage play by John Godber for Hull Truck Theatre about a group of nightclub bouncers in the North of England
• Road House, a film starring Patrick Swayze as a cooler in a small-town bar.
• Chernabog, who worked as a bouncer when the Disney Villains take over House of Mouse in Mickey's House of Villains.
• Ode to the Bouncer, a song by the animated band Studio Killers.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Bouncers & Doormen (from the crimedoctor.com website, Accessed 2008-05-02.)
2. ^ Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature - Leick, Gwendolyn; via Google Books, Routledge, 1994 Page 252
3. ^ Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod - Penglase, Charles; via Google Books, Routledge, 1997, Page 17
4. ^ 1 & 2 Chronicles - Hicks, John Mark; via Google Books, College Press, 2001, Page 229-230
5. ^  "Porter". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
6. ^ Five Comedies: Bacchides, Menaechmi, Miles Gloriosus, Hecyra, and Adelphoe - Titus Maccius Plautus (translated / edited by Berg, Deena & Parker, Douglass), via Google Books, Hackett Publishing, 1999, Page 193
7. ^ De Fuga in Persecutione - Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, via The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XI, Second Edition, Page 393, Cambridge University Press, 1970
8. ^ Unknown article name - London Daily News, Thursday 26 July 1883, via the Online Etymological Dictionary
9. ^ The Ladies; God Bless 'Em! - Shady Ladies of the Old West - Jeffords, Christine; private homepage at rootsweb.com
10. ^ Snake-room (logging) (from Logger's Words of Yesteryears - Sorden, L.G.; Isabel J. Ebert; Madison, 1956, via wisconsinhistory.net)
11. ^ Drinking in America: A History - Search for Consensus: Drinking and the War Against Pluralism, 1860-1920 - Lender, Mark Edward & Martin, James Kirby, The Free Press, New York, 1982
12. ^ Schleswig, Iowa: The First 75 Years: Hohenzollern, Morgan Township: 1883-1899 - compiled by Lillian M. (Kuehl) Jackso and Emma L. (Brasse) Struck, private homepage at rootsweb.com
13. ^ Coney Island - Early History (1881 - 1903) (from private website westland.net)
14. ^ When The Red Lights Went Out In San Diego - Macphail, Elizabeth, The Journal of San Diego History, Spring 1974, Volume 20, Number 2
15. ^ 1914 - America, and the phonograph industry, on the verge of the Great War (from the 'intertique.com' website. Accessed 2008-02-05.)
16. ^ Baltimore's Bawdy "Block" - Hull, Stephen; Stag, 1952 (at the moment only via Google cache)
17. ^ Adolf Hitler: A Psychological Interpretation of His Views on Architecture, Art, and Music - Zalampas, Sherree Owens; via Google Books, Popular Press, 1990, Page 40
18. ^ German Commanders of World War II - Kemp, Anthony & McBride, Angus; via Google Books, Osprey Publishing, 1990, Page 5
19. ^ The Arts in Nazi Germany - Continuity, Conformity, Change - Huener, Jonathan & Nicosia, Francis R.; via Google Books, Berghahn Books, 2006, Page 96
20. ^ Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich - Herbert, Ulrich; via Google Books, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Page 8
21. ^ Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score - Armstrong, Gary; via Google Books, 2003, Page 76+
22. ^ The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law, and the State - Hill, Peter B. E.; via Google Books, Oxford University Press, 2006, Page 23 and 285
23. ^ The victim, the exception - Hong Kong Stories feature, Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong, 13 May 2007
24. ^ The Triads As Business - Yiu Kong Chu, via Goggle Books, Routledge, 2000, Page 101
25. ^ ^{a b} Nightclub Bouncers Tell All - Tales from behind the velvet rope - The Boston Phoenix, via the 'BostonNightclubNews.com' website. Accessed 2008-02-02.
26. ^ ^{a b c d} Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister, Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology, No 41, 2001, Pages 536-548. Accessed 2008-05-04.
27. ^ Australian Violence: Contemporary Perspectives (PDF) - Chappell, Duncan; Grabosky, Peter & Strang, Heather; Australian Institute of Criminology, 1991
28. ^ Security Industry Amendment (Patron Protection) Bill^{[dead link]} (website of the Parliament of New South Wales, Hansard & Papers, Legislative Council, Thursday 11 May 2006)
29. ^ Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister, Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology, No 41, 2001, Page 537. Accessed 2009-01-08.
30. ^ Is there a place for covert research methods in criminology? - Wells, Helen M., Graduate Journal of Social Science, 2004, Vol. 1 Issue 1. Accessed 2008-05-04.
31. ^ ^{a b} Bouncers to the rescue - Times of India, 2 May 2005
32. ^ ^{a b c d e} Safety and Security for Liquor Licensees (from the Michigan Licensed Beverage Association's website. Accessed 2008-02-01.)
33. ^ Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister, Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology, No 41, 2001, Page 541. Accessed 2009-01-09.
34. ^ Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister, Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology, No 41, 2001, Pages 541-542. Accessed 2009-01-08.
35. ^ Get Ready To Duck - Winlow, Simon; Hobbs, Dick; Lister, Stuart; Hadfield, Phillip; British Journal of Criminology, No 41, 2001, Page 543. Accessed 2009-01-08.
36. ^ ^{a b c} Civil liability of commercial providers of alcohol (PDF) - Folick, Lorne P.S.; Dolden Wallace Folick, Vancouver, April 2005
37. ^ ^{a b c} Did you know? (from the October 2005 newsletter of 'Smart Serve Ontario', Ontario, Canada)
38. ^ 'Cowardly' bouncers terrorising pub, club patrons - The Australian, Wednesday 28 February 2007
39. ^ Nightclub security and surveillance 1 (book excerpt from Policing the nightclub) - Rigakos, George S.; The Canadian Review of Policing Research, 2004. Accessed 2008-02-05.
40. ^ ^{a b} Betty chats with the new hunk on the block, Vin Diesel - Vin Diesel interview via 'beatboxbettty.com'. Accessed 2008-02-02.
41. ^ "Gunfight at bar leaves one wounded, another in custody", New Hampshire Union Leader, April 15, 2007, http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Gunfight+at+bar+leaves+one+wounded%2C+another+in+custody&articleId=858db55b-f7c2-4dd2-ba58-5f99976fee2b 
42. ^ Baton and Handcuff course (from the 'secta.com.au' company website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
43. ^ ""Police seek liquor license denials for two local bars" - The World". http://www.theworldlink.com/articles/2008/06/16/public_records/police_reports/doc4856a878f279a292104045.txt. Retrieved 2008-10-29. 
44. ^ ^{a b} Why women want to join the club - The Independent, Tuesday 3 October 2006, via findarticles.com
45. ^ Mate, Don't Call These Bouncers Babe (Abstract) - New York Times, Wednesday, 18 April 2001
46. ^ Chandigarh's brawny female bouncers 'man' nightclub - Nerve of India, Monday 28 July 2008
47. ^ Punjab's first female bouncers lose their jobs - DNA India, Thursday 16 October 2008
48. ^ Bouncers take course or they're out - Edmonton Journal, Saturday February 2, 2008
49. ^ Private Investigators and Security Guards - Licensing (from the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Corrections website. Accessed 2008-02-05.)
50. ^ Security Industry Backs Calls for Trained Bouncers (press release, New Zealand Security Association, Friday 12 May 2006)
51. ^ How do clubs select bouncers? 'It's not just about wearing a black shirt' - The Electric New Paper, Friday 01 February 2008
52. ^ bbc
53. ^ Get Licensed - SIA licensing criteria (PDF) (from the Security Industry Authority, Great Britain. Accessed 2008-05-02.)
54. ^ New Security Guard Training Regulation (from the California Department of Consumer Affairs website. Accessed 2008-03-26.)
55. ^ Last Call for the Falls? (blog entry on Village Voice, with further references)
56. ^ [1] (from his official biography on WWE.com. Accessed 2011-06-11.)
57. ^ History Files - Al Capone (from the Chicago History Museum website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
58. ^ Geoff Thompson (from the rdf management company website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
59. ^ Strongman Glenn just a gentle giant (article excerpt from The News Letter, Belfast, Northern Ireland, via 'highbeam.com'. Accessed 2008-02-05.)
60. ^ James Gandolfini bio, askmen.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
61. ^ About (from the Official Lenny McLean website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
62. ^ From Bouncer to Oscar - Reel.com interview with Michael Clarke Duncan. Accessed 2008-02-02.
63. ^ Mr T - Biography (from the 'netglimse.com' website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
64. ^ Testimony (from the 'witnessjesus.org' website. Accessed 2008-02-02.)
65. ^ Cop doesn't know how to stop - The New York Times, via 'theage.com.au' website. Accessed 2008-02-02.
66. ^ http://www.clubsystemsinternational.com/year_archive.html/2002/apr02/holiday.htm
67. ^ The "Bouncer" Defense of Odontomachus Ruginodis and other Odontomachine Ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) - Carlin, Norman F. & Gladstein, David, S., Psyche, 1989, Volume 96, No. 1-2, Page 3
68. ^ FRONTEX: The EU External Borders Agency, 9th Report of Session 2007-08, Report with Evidence - European Union Committee, House of Lords, Parliament of Great Britain; via Google Books, Stationery Office, 2008, Page 165
69. ^ Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition: Law, State, and Social Control in China - Xin Ren via Google Books, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, Page 139

Further reading

• Jamie O'Keefe - Old School-New School: Guide to Bouncers, Security and Registered Door Supervisors, New Breed Publishing, August 1997. ISBN 0-9517567-6-1
• Lee Morrison - Safe on the Door: The Complete Guide for Door Supervisors, Hodder Arnold, February 2006. ISBN 0-340-90575-1
• Lee Morrison - Up Close, Nothing Personal: Practical Self-Protection for Door Security Staff, Apex Publishing, December 2003. ISBN 1-904432-25-5
• Robin Barratt - Doing the doors: A Life on the Door, Milo Books, 1 February 2004, ISBN 1-903854-19-9
• Robin Barratt - Confessions of a Doorman, Diverse Publications Ltd, 22 June 2006, ISBN 0-9548143-2-0
• Robin Barratt - Bouncers and Bodyguards, Mainstream Publishing, 5 March 2006, ISBN 978-1-84596-458-0
• Robin Barratt - Respect and Reputation - On The Doors, in Prison and in Life, Apex Publishing,June 2010, ISBN 978-1-906358-81-5
• Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Bouncer's Bible, Turner Paige Publishing, 15 January 1999, ISBN 1-929036-00-0
• Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Cooler's Grimiore, Outskirt Press Publishing, 6 July 2008, ISBN 1-4327-2641-2
• Ivan Holiday Arsenault - Sun Tzu & The Art of Bouncing, Outskirt Press Publishing, 22 April 2011, ISBN 1-4327-7093-8
• Ivan Holiday Arsenault - The Bouncer's Bible - 2nd Edition, Outskirt Press Publishing, 19 July 2011, ISBN 978-1-43277-089-1
• George Rigakos - Nightclub: Bouncers, Risk, and the Spectacle of Consumption, Mcgill Queens University Press May 2008 ISBN 978-0-7735-3362-2
• Jason Dyson - Door Supervisors Course Book - National Door Supervisors Qualification, Highfield January 2010 ISBN 978-1-906404-84-0

External links

• Working the Doors (website for Door Supervisors/Bouncers Worldwide)
• Door Network (website for door supervisors in the UK)
• Nightclub. Bouncers, Risk, and the Spectacle of Consumption (interview with George Rigakos on his book and the role of bouncers)
• Bouncergear Inc (website for Bouncergear Inc Nightclub & Bar Security Training)
• The Professional Door Supervisors Club (website for Door Supervisors Worldwide)
• Roadhouse Reality (website for an upcoming Bouncer Reality TV series)