Marwan Barghouti

Marwan Barghouti
Palestinian Legislative Council member[1]
In office 1996[1] – present
Personal details
Born	6 June 1959 (1959-06-06) (age 52) Kobar,[1] Palestine
Nationality	Palestinian[1]
Political party	Fatah[1] Al-Mustaqbal
Spouse(s)	Fadwa Barghouti
Religion	Islam

Marwan Hasib Ibrahim Barghouti (Arabic: مروان حسيب ابراهيم البرغوثي‎) (born June 6, 1959) is a Palestinian political figure.^[1] He is regarded as a leader of the First and Second Intifadas. Barghouti at one time supported the peace process, but later became disillusioned, and after 2000 went on to become the main figure behind the Al-Aqsa Intifada in the West Bank.^[1][2] Barghouti is said to have founded Tanzim. He is also referred to by Uri Avnery as "Palestine's Mandela".^[3]

Barghouti has also been called a terrorist, and has been accused by Israeli authorities of directing numerous attacks and suicide bombings against civilians.^[4] Barghouti was arrested by Israel Defense Forces in 2002 in Ramallah.^[1] Israeli authorities accused him of murder of Israeli civilians and attacks on Israeli soldiers. He was tried and convicted on charges of murder, and sentenced to five life sentences. Marwan Barghouti refused to present a defense to the charges brought against him, maintaining throughout that the trial was illegal and illegitimate.

Barghouti still exerts great influence in Fatah from within prison.^[5] With popularity reaching further than that, there has been some speculation whether he could be a unifying candidate in a bid to succeed Mahmud Abbas.^[6]

In the negotiations over the exchange of Palestinian prisoners for the captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, Hamas insisted on including Marwan Bargouti in the deal with Israel.^[7][8] However, Israel was unwilling to concede to that demand and despite initial reports that he indeed was to be released in the October 11th deal between Israel and Hamas, it was soon denied by Israeli sources.^[9][10]

Biography

Barghouti was born in the village of Kobar near Ramallah, and comes from the Barghouti clan, an extended family from Deir Ghassaneh. Mustafa Barghouti, a fellow Palestinian political figure, is a distant cousin. Barghouti was one of seven children, and his father was a migrant worker in Lebanon. His younger brother Muqbel described him as "a naughty and rebellious boy".^[11]

Barghouti joined Fatah at age 15,^[1] and he was a co-founder of the Fatah Youth Movement (Shabiba) on the West Bank. By the age of 18 in 1976, Barghouti was arrested by Israel for his involvement with Palestinian militant groups. He completed his secondary education and received a high school diploma while in jail. He is fluent in Hebrew.

Barghouti enrolled at Birzeit University (BZU) in 1983, though arrest and exile meant that he did not receive his B.A. (History and Political Science) until 1994. He earned an M.A. in International Relations, also from Birzeit, in 1998. As an undergraduate, he was active in student politics on behalf of Fatah and headed the BZU Student Council. On 21 October 1984, he married a fellow student, Fadwa Ibrahim. Fadwa took Bachelors and Masters degrees in law and was a prominent advocate in her own right on behalf of Palestinian prisoners, before becoming the leading campaigner for her husband’s release from his current jail term. The couple has a daughter, Ruba (b. 1986), and three sons, Qassam (1985), Sharaf (1989) and Arab (1990).

First Intifada

Barghouti was one of the major leaders of the First Intifada in 1987, leading Palestinians in a mass uprising against Israel. During the uprising, he was arrested by Israel and deported to Jordan, where he stayed for seven years until he was permitted to return under the terms of the Oslo Accords in 1994. In 1996, he was elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council, following which he began his active advocacy of the establishment of an independent Palestinian state .^{[citation needed]} He was also a strong campaigner against the corruption festering in the Fatah movement, sometimes coming into conflict with Yasser Arafat. The formal position occupied by Barghouti was Secretary-General of Fatah in the West Bank.

By the summer of 2000, Barghouti and Arafat were increasingly at odds with each other, with Barghouti accusing Arafat's administration of corruption and his security services of human rights violations.

Second Intifada

As the Second Intifada raged, Barghouti became increasingly popular as a leader of the Fatah armed branch, the Tanzim, seen as one of the major forces fighting against the Israeli Defense Forces. Barghouti led marches to Israeli checkpoints, where riots broke out against Israeli soldiers and spurred on Palestinians in speeches at funerals and demonstrations, condoning the use of force to expel Israel from the West Bank and Gaza Strip.^[1] He has stated that, "I, and the Fatah movement to which I belong, strongly oppose attacks and the targeting of civilians inside Israel, our future neighbor, I reserve the right to protect myself, to resist the Israeli occupation of my country and to fight for my freedom" and has said, "I still seek peaceful coexistence between the equal and independent countries of Israel and Palestine based on full withdrawal from Palestinian territories occupied in 1967.".^[12] However, during the second intifada Barghouti was accused by Israel of being a senior member of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, an organization which conducted numerous attacks and suicide bombings on civilians both within and outside of Israel proper, and has been accused of having directed some of these bombings personally.^[4]

Arrest and trial

Barghouti's actions during the Intifada landed him on Israel's most-wanted list, and he escaped an arrest attempt in 2001. However, he was arrested by the Israeli Army in Ramallah, on April 15, 2002 and transferred to the 'Russian Compound' police station in Jerusalem.

Amos Harel wrote in Haaretz that Barghouti was arrested by soldiers of the Duchifat Battalion who had approached the building hidden in an ambulance to avoid detection: “The Duchifat soldiers were squeezed into a protected ambulance in order to arrive as quickly as possible at the house where Barghouti was hiding, and to seal it off. "^[13]

Several months later, he was indicted in civilian court on charges of murder and attempted murder stemming from attacks carried out by the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades on Israeli soldiers.^[14][15]

Marwan Barghouti refused to present a defense to the charges brought against him, maintaining throughout that the trial was illegal and illegitimate. However, he continued to stress that he supported armed resistance to the Israeli occupation, but condemned attacks on civilians inside Israel. Nonetheless, the evidence Israel presented at his trial stated that he supported and directed such attacks.^[16] On May 20, 2004, he was convicted of 5 counts of murder – including authorizing and organizing the Sea Food Market attack in Tel Aviv in which 3 civilians inside Israel were killed. He was acquitted of 21 counts of murder in 33 other attacks for "lack of sufficient evidence." On June 6, 2004, he was sentenced to five life sentences for the five murders and 40 years imprisonment for the attempted murder.

Campaign for release

Since Barghouti's arrest, many of his supporters have campaigned for his release. They include prominent Palestinian figures, members of European Parliament and the Israeli group Gush Shalom. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz wrote that Barghouti "is seen by some as a Palestinian Nelson Mandela, the man who could galvanize a drifting and divided national movement if only he were set free by Israel."^[17]

Some focus on the illegality of Barghouti's arrest, pointing to his diplomatic immunity as a member of the Palestinian Parliament, as well as to the fact that he was arrested in an area over which Israel has no jurisdiction. They also point out that the transfer of a prisoner from occupied territory to the territory of the occupier violates the Fourth Geneva Convention. Another approach is to suggest that Israel's freeing of Barghouti would be an excellent show of good faith in the peace process. This view gained popularity among the Israeli left after the 2005 Disengagement from the Gaza Strip. Still others, operating from a realpolitik perspective, have pointed out that allowing Barghouti to re-enter Palestinian politics could serve to bolster Fatah against gains in Hamas' popularity.^[18] According to Pinhas Inbari of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs,

Hamas understands it needs to provide its supporters with some comfort, especially seeing the suffering of the Palestinian people. For this reason, Hamas is willing to accept Barghouti's release and to deal with him after he is free. Without the severe state of the Palestinian people, Hamas would object to the release of Barghouti.^[19]

Following Barghouti's January 2006 re-election to the Palestinian Legislative Council, a debate over Barghouti's fate began anew in Israel, ranging from Yahad leader and former MK Yossi Beilin's support for a Presidential pardon to the total refusal of any idea of early release. Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom stated,

""We must not forget that he is a cold-blooded murderer who was sentenced by the court to five life sentences... It is out of the question to free an assassin who has blood on his hands and was duly sentenced by a court."^[20][21]

However several MKs, including Kadima MK Meir Sheetrit, suggested that Barghouti will likely be released as part of future peace negotiations, although they did not specify when. In January 2007, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shimon Peres declared that he would sign a presidential pardon for Marwan Barghouti if elected to the Israeli presidency.^{[citation needed]} However, despite Peres winning the presidency, the signing of such a pardon has yet to be announced.

Split from Fatah

On December 14, 2005, Barghouti announced that he had formed a new political party, al-Mustaqbal ("The Future"), mainly composed of members of Fatah's "Young Guard", who have repeatedly expressed frustration with the entrenched corruption in the party. The list, which was presented to the Palestinian Authority's central elections committee on that day, includes Mohammed Dahlan, Kadoura Fares, Samir Mashharawi and Jibril Rajoub.^[22][23]

The split followed Barghouti's earlier refusal of Mahmoud Abbas' offer to be second on the Fatah party's parliamentary list, behind Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei. Barghouti had actually topped the list,^[24] but this had not become apparent until after the new party had been registered.

Reactions to the news was split. Some suggested that the move was a positive step towards peace, as Barghouti's new party could help reform major problems in Palestinian government. Others raised concern that it could wind up splitting the Fatah vote, inadvertently helping Hamas. Barghouti's supporters argued that al-Mustaqbal would split the votes of both parties, both from disenchanted Fatah members as well as moderate Hamas voters who do not agree with Hamas' political goals, but rather its social work and hard position on corruption. Some observers also hypothesized that the formation of al-Mustaqbal was mostly a negotiating tactic to get members of the Young Guard into higher positions of power within Fatah and its electoral list.

Barghouti eventually was convinced that the idea of leading a new party, especially one that was created by splitting from Fatah, would be unrealistic while he was still in prison. Instead he stood as a Fatah candidate in the January 2006 PLC elections, comfortably regaining his seat in the Palestinian Parliament.

Political activity in prison

In late 2004, Barghouti announced from his Israeli prison his intention to run in the Palestinian Authority presidential election in January 2005, called for following the death of President Yasser Arafat in November. On November 26, 2004, it appeared he would withdraw from the contest following pressure from the Fatah faction to support the candidacy of Mahmoud Abbas. However, just before the deadline on December 1, Barghouti's wife registered him as an independent candidate. On December 12, facing pressure from Fatah^[25] to withdraw in favor of Abbas, he chose to abandon his candidacy for the benefit of Palestinian unity. On May 11, 2006, Palestinian leaders held in Israeli prisons released the National Conciliation Document of the Prisoners. The document was a proposal initiated by Marwan Barghouti and leaders of Hamas, the PFLP, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the DFLP that proposed a basis upon which a coalition government should be formed in the Palestinian Legislative Council. This came as a result of the political stalemate in the Palestinian territories that followed Hamas' election to the PLC in January 2006. Crucially, the document also called for negotiation with the state of Israel in order to achieve lasting peace. The document quickly gained popular currency and is now considered the bedrock upon which a national unity government should be achieved. According to Haaretz, Barghouti, although not officially represented in the negotiations of a Palestinian unity government in February 2007, played a major role in mediating between Hamas and Fatah and formulating the compromise reached on February 8, 2007.^[26] In 2009, he was elected to party leadership at the Fatah Conference in Bethlehem.^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Profile: Marwan Barghouti". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Accessed 9 August 2011.
2. ^ Bahaa, Sherine. "'Israel's enemy number one'". Al-Ahram Weekly online. 18–24 April 2002. Issue no. 582. Accessed 9 August 2011.
3. ^ Palestine's Mandela by Uri Avnery. Accessed: 5 December 2009.
4. ^ ^{a b} Marwan Barghouti incitement. Accessed: 29 August 2010.
5. ^ "From IMEU.net - An interview with Marwan Barghouti". Imeu.net. http://imeu.net/news/printer006669.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
6. ^ Mort, Jo-Ann (August 14, 2009). "Why a Jailed Dissident Is Palestine's Best Hope". Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/08/14/Why_a_Jailed_Dissident_Is_Palestines_Best_Hope. 
7. ^ "Report: Israel refuses to release Ahmad Saadat - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3571431,00.html. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
8. ^ ^{a b} By Reuters. "Labor minister: Israel must consider freeing Fatah victor Barghouti - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106735.html. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
9. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/148709#.TpVpCHKvk5I
10. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=241404
11. ^ Bennet, James (19 November 2004). "Jailed in Israel, Palestinian Symbol Eyes Top Post". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/19/international/middleeast/19palestine.html?pagewanted=print&position=. 
12. ^ (Washington Post 2002 op-ed)
13. ^ "גורמי ביטחון: ברגותי מפגין יהירות בחקירה". Haaretz. 18.04.2002. http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.787563. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
14. ^ Full indictment, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
15. ^ Indictment appendix listing all charges
16. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Information%20on%20Marwan%20and%20Ahmed%20Barghouti%20-%2015-Apr
17. ^ By Reuters. "Marwan Barghouti: Peace talks with Israel have failed - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1129348.html. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
18. ^ "The Blame Game – Forward.com"
19. ^ On the chances of the release of Gilad Shalit (Hebrew), Pinhas Inbari, December 20, 2007
20. ^ "Barghouti´s Popularity Spurs Campaign to Free Him - Politics & Gov't - Israel News". Israel National News. 2006-01-25. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=93696. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
21. ^ "Politics - Israelis may release jailed Fatah leader". The Daily Star. 2005-11-28. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=20341. Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
22. ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1134309581046&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
23. ^ http://dwb.newsobserver.com/24hour/world/story/2979990p-11657995c.html
24. ^ "Fatah splits before key election". BBC News. 15 December 2005. Accessed 9 August 2011.
25. ^ Barghouti withdrawal leaves Abbas with clear path to succeed Arafat
26. ^ article

Further reading

• Interview with Marwan Barghouti. "Competing Political Cultures". In: Beinin, Joel; Stein, Rebecca L. (eds) (2006). The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993-2005. Stanford University Press. pp. 105–111.
• Pratt, David (2006). Intifada: The Long Day of Rage. Casemate. First published by Sunday Herald Books.
• Haddad, Toufic. "Changing the Rules of the Game: A Conversation with Marwan Barghouti, Secretary-General of Fateh in the West Bank". In: Honig-Parnass, Tikva; Haddad, Toufic. (eds) (2007). Between the Lines: Readings on Israel, the Palestinians, and the U.S. "War on Terror". Haymarket Books. pp. 65–69.
• Blomfield, Adrian. "Marwan Barghouti could stand as Palestinian president". The Daily Telegraph. 6 November 2009. Accessed 9 August 2011.

External links

• William Hughes: Political Show Trial for Marwan Barghouti
• CS Monitor: The 'Palestinian Napoleon' Behind Mideast Cease-fire
• Bitter Circus Erupts as Israel Indicts a Top Fatah Figure The New York Times, August 15, 2002
• Uri Avnery, "Palestine's Mandela", New Internationalist, November 2007
• Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs page about Barghouti

Persondata
Name	Barghouti, Marwan
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	dt=1959
Place of birth	Kobar, Jordan
Date of death
Place of death