Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Excavata
Phylum:	Metamonada
Class:	Parabasalia
Order:	Trichomonadida
Family:	Monocercomonadidae
Genus:	Dientamoeba
Species:	D. fragilis
Binomial name
Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis is a single celled parasite found in the gastrointestinal tract of some humans, pigs and gorillas. In some people it causes gastrointestinal upset while in others it does not.^[1] It is an important cause of travellers diarhoea, chronic diarhoea, fatigue and in children, failure to thrive.

Etymology of the name Dientamoeba fragilis:
Di refers to the two nuclei in the trophozoites (feeding stage of the organism). Ent refers to the enteric environment in which the organism is found. The species name fragilis refers to the fact that the trophozoite stages are fragile; they do not survive long in the stool after leaving the body of the human host.

It was first described in 1918.^[2]

Dientamoebiasis

Infection with Dientamoeba fragilis is called Dientamoebiasis and is associated variously with symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever.

In one study, Dientamoeba fragilis was identified in 0.9% of patients observed.^[3]

Phylogenetics

Dientamoeba fragilis is a type of trichomonad. Trichomonads are flagellated organisms but D. fragilis lacks flagella,^[4] having secondarily 'lost' them over evolutionary time. Thus, it is an amoeba of flagellate ancestry.

Life cycle

The life cycle of this parasite has not yet been completely determined, but some assumptions have been made based on clinical data. To date, a cyst stage has not been identified in D. fragilis, and the trophozoite is the only stage found in stools of infected individuals. Like other intestinal parasites, D. fragilis is probably transmitted by the fecal-oral route. In the absence of a cyst form, transmission via helminth eggs (e.g., Ascaris, Enterobius spp.) has been postulated. The rationale for this suggestion is that D. fragilis is closely related to the turkey parasite Histomonas, which is known to be transmitted via the eggs of the helminth Heterakis.

Build

Dientamoeba fragilis replicates by binary fission and moves by pseudopodia. D. fragilis feeds by phagocytosis. The cytoplasm typically contains numerous food vacuoles that contain ingested debris, including bacteria. Waste materials are eliminated from the cell through digestive vacuoles by exocytosis. D. fragilis possesses some flagellate characteristics. In the binucleate form there is a spindle structure located between the nuclei, which stems from certain polar configurations adjacent to a nucleus—these configurations appear to be homologous to hypermastigotes’ atractophores. There is a complex Golgi apparatus; the nuclear structure of D. fragilis is more similar to that of flagellated trichomonads than to that of Entamoeba. Also notable is the presence of hydrogenosomes, which are also a characteristic of other trichomonads.

See also

• List of parasites (human)
• Dientamoebiasis

References

1. ^ Windsor JJ, Macfarlane L (May 2005). "Irritable bowel syndrome: the need to exclude Dientamoeba fragilis". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72 (5): 501; author reply 501–2. PMID 15891119. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15891119. 
2. ^ Johnson EH, Windsor JJ, Clark CG (July 2004). "Emerging from obscurity: biological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of Dientamoeba fragilis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (3): 553–70, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.3.553-570.2004. PMC 452553. PMID 15258093. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15258093. 
3. ^ Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (June 2005). "Prospective study of the prevalence, genotyping, and clinical relevance of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in an Australian population". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (6): 2718–23. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.6.2718-2723.2005. PMC 1151954. PMID 15956388. http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15956388. 
4. ^ Lagacé-Wiens PR, VanCaeseele PG, Koschik C (August 2006). "Dientamoeba fragilis: an emerging role in intestinal disease". CMAJ 175 (5): 468–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060265. PMC 1550747. PMID 16940260. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16940260. 

External links

• http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Dientamoeba.htm
• http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic563.htm

• Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection