Hurricane Isidore

Hurricane Isidore

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Isidore
Type=hurricane
Year=2002
Basin=Atl
Image location=Isidore AMO2002265 lrg.jpg

convert|125|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on
Formed=September 14, 2002
Dissipated=September 27, 2002
1-min winds=110
Pressure=934
Da

Inflated=1
Fatalities=4 direct, 3 indirect
Areas=Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Louisiana
Hurricane season=2002 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Isidore was the ninth named storm and the second hurricane in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. Isidore was the fifth of eight named storms to occur in September.National Hurricane Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2006_atl.txt Atlantic Hurricane Track Database.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] The tropical cyclone peaked as a Category 3 hurricane, causing damage as well as four fatalities in Jamaica, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.001.html TROPICAL DEPRESSION TEN DISCUSSION NUMBER 1.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] Isidore is noted for threatening the northern Gulf Coast as a Category 4 hurricane, but instead striking as a moderate tropical storm due to a track change that brought the storm over the Yucatán Peninsula for over a day, which significantly weakened the cyclone. Its primary impact was the heavy rainfall which fell across southeast Mexico and from the central United States Gulf coast into the Ohio Valley.David M. Roth. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isidore2002filledrainblk.gifBlack Background, color-filled rainfall graphic for Isidore.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Meteorological history

On September 9, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. Despite moving through a dry environment, its convection became organized as an anticyclone developed over the wave. On September 14, convection was well-organized enough around a small closed wind circulation to classify the system as Tropical Depression Ten near Trinidad and Tobago.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.001.html TROPICAL DEPRESSION TEN DISCUSSION NUMBER 1.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] Land interaction from Venezuela later weakened the depression back to a tropical wave. The wave continued west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea, and redeveloped into a tropical depression on September 17 while convert|140|mi|km south of Jamaica. [James Franklin. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.006.html TROPICAL DEPRESSION TEN DISCUSSION NUMBER 6.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Embedded within a weak steering current, it drifted to the northwest, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Isidore on September 18 near Jamaica.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] After grazing the island, it quickly intensified to a hurricane late on September 19 while south of Cuba. Isidore's maximum sustained winds reached convert|100|mph|km/h near the Isle of Youth, and weakened slightly to an convert|85|mph|km/h hurricane as it made landfall on Cabo Frances late on September 20.National Hurricane Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2006_atl.txt Atlantic Hurricane Track Database.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] The hurricane crossed the island, then slowed as it moved westward across the Gulf of Mexico. Favorable conditions aloft with warm water temperatures allowed Isidore to quickly intensify to a peak of convert|125|mph|km/h winds on September 21. [Stacey Stewart. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.022.html HURRICANE ISIDORE DISCUSSION NUMBER 22.] Retrieved on 2008-03-27.]

Despite Dvorak satellite estimates of convert|145|mph|km/h, reconnaissance aircraft indicated Isidore remained a convert|125|mph|km/h Category 3 hurricane, with pressures dropping to 934 mbar, typical of a Category 4 hurricane. [Stacy Stewart. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.026.html HURRICANE ISIDORE DISCUSSION NUMBER 26.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] It is the lowest minimum pressure ever observed for an Atlantic hurricane which did not exceed Category 3 intensity.National Hurricane Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2006_atl.txt Atlantic Hurricane Track Database.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] With nearly ideal conditions for development, Isidore was forecast to reach winds of convert|150|mph|km/h over the northern Gulf of Mexico. [Stacey Stewart. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.023.html HURRICANE ISIDORE DISCUSSION NUMBER 23.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] High pressures to its north forced it southward, and Isidore made landfall at Telchac Puerto in Yucatán as a major hurricane on September 22. It weakened rapidly as it nearly stalled over Yucatán, and was only a minimal tropical storm after being inland for 30 hours.

The inner core of convection collapsed while over southeast Mexico, and upon moving northward and reaching the Gulf of Mexico again, it was a large but weak tropical storm. Conditions favored significant strengthening, but Isidore did not redevelop central convection until reaching the northern Gulf of Mexico. The strengthening system hit Grand Isle, Louisiana on September 26 as a convert|65|mph|km/h tropical storm, but weakened quickly inland into a tropical depression after moving inland. The system raced to the northeast, and became an extratropical cyclone on September 27 before becoming absorbed in a frontal zone over Pennsylvania that night. [Andrew Orrison. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2002/ISIDORE/ISIDORE_2002092721.html PUBLIC ADVISORY NUMBER 47 FOR TROPICAL DEPRESSION ISIDORE.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Preparations

Before Isidore became a hurricane, there were fears that the storm would end up being a significant threat. The upper level environment ahead of the storm was very favorable, and the oceanic heat content was very high. [James Franklin. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.007.html TROPICAL DEPRESSION TEN DISCUSSION NUMBER 7.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] Just ten months after the destructive Hurricane Michelle, Hurricane Isidore threatened to cause similar effects in Cuba. In preparation for the storm, about 292,000 people and thousands of farm animals were evacuated in the Pinar del Rio province.World Food Programme. [http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=78&Key=494 Emergency Report n. 39 September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Cuba-Junky. [http://cuba-junky.com/cuba/hurricane.htm#2002 Cuba : Hurricanes & Cyclones in Cuba.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] Hurricane Warnings were posted about 48 hours before landfall, leaving ample time to prepare for the storm.

Once in the Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Isidore became a major Category 3 storm with winds of convert|125|mph|km/h. The forecasts then predicted Isidore to move westward in the Gulf of Mexico for a few days, before turning northward towards the Gulf Coast as what was predicted by then to be a strong Category 4 hurricane. [Stacey Stewart. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al102002.discus.027.html HURRICANE ISIDORE DISCUSSION NUMBER 27.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] Initially expected to remain north of the peninsula, hurricane warnings were issued just over a day prior to landfall, with no watch preceding Isidore's passage. [Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al102002.public.020.html HURRICANE ISIDORE ADVISORY NUMBER 20.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] [Miles Lawrence. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al102002.public.021.html HURRICANE ISIDORE ADVISORY NUMBER 21.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] More than 70,000 people were evacuated,Mason Anderson. [http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/020924isidore.html Red Cross Urges Hurricane Preparedness as Three Storms Strengthen.] Retrieved on 2008-03-27.] and ports on the Gulf coast of Yucatán were closed. Mexican authorities declared a state of emergency prior to the arrival of the storm. [BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2270127.stm Hurricane Isidore threatens Mexico.] Retrieved on 2008-03-27.] Due to Isidore's unexpected southward turn into the Yucatán Peninsula, Isidore weakened significantly to a tropical storm which limited potential damage along the United States Gulf Coast. In preparation for the hurricane, the Red Cross mobilized its members across Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida days before Isidore's expected landfall.Mason Anderson. [http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/020924isidore.html Red Cross Urges Hurricane Preparedness as Three Storms Strengthen.] Retrieved on 2008-03-27.] Volunteers were sent in the days prior to ensure families had a family disaster plan and a disaster supplies kit in their household. Hurricane watches raised for the United States Gulf coast between Cameron, Louisiana and Pascagoula, Mississippi late on the morning of September 24 were discontinued early on the morning of September 25, when the storm was no longer expected to restrengthen into a hurricane.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Impact

Caribbean islands

In the Windward Islands, Isidore was a weak tropical depression that caused no reported damage or casualties. The Cayman Islands reported tropical storm force winds, and likely experienced flooding to some degree, but Isidore caused no reported damage or casualties. Isidore brought heavy rains to Jamaica, totalling convert|27.2|in|mm at Cotton Tree Gully.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Cuba

Hurricane Isidore brought torrential rainfall, with many areas reporting over convert|1|ft|mm of rain. The maximum reported was convert|21.7|in|mm at Isabel Rubio in western Cuba.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] The rainfall, combined with a convert|12|ft|m storm surge, destroyed 77 houses,World Food Programme. [http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=78&Key=494 Emergency Report n. 39 September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] caused power outages, uprooted trees and blew off roofs.ReliefWeb. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BW4Z?OpenDocument ODM-WFP emergency situation report on Latin America & the Caribbean 10 Oct 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Over 130 tobacco drying houses were affected to some degree, damaging valuable tobacco stock.Cuba-Junky. [http://cuba-junky.com/cuba/hurricane.htm#2002 Cuba : Hurricanes & Cyclones in Cuba.] Retrieved on 2008-03-03.] A total of 24,000 metric tons of citrus and 132 metric tons of coffee were lost from the storm. Thousands of livestock perished.ReliefWeb. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BW4Z?OpenDocument ODM-WFP emergency situation report on Latin America & the Caribbean 10 Oct 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] No deaths were reported.

outheast Mexico

Hurricane Isidore was one of only four storms to hit the north side of the Yucatán since records have been kept. It was the first tropical cyclone to hit the area since Tropical Depression Greta in 1970, the first tropical storm since 1935, the first hurricane since 1888, and only major hurricane to ever hit the area.National Hurricane Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2006_atl.txt Atlantic Hurricane Track Database.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

The storm shut down oil production of the Mexican state-run oil company, PEMEX. Drilling operations, as well as exports from Mexico, stopped for one week which cost the oil company US$108.7 million.SourceMex Economic News & Analysis on Mexico. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32275231_ITM FEDERAL, STATE GOVERNMENTS ACCUSED OF MISHANDLING ASSISTANCE EFFORTS TO VICTIMS OF HURRICANE ISIDORE.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] The Gulf Coast island of Isla Arena was nearly covered by Isidore's storm surge. Its residents evacuated prior to the storm's passage.USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-09-23-isidore.htm Isidore pummels Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.]

Hurricane Isidore hit near Mérida, Yucatán, as a convert|125|mph|km/h hurricane, and remained over the area for around 36 hours. Over convert|30|in|mm of rainfall fell, with the maximum recorded near Campeche.David M. Roth. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isidore2002filledrainblk.gifBlack Background, color-filled rainfall graphic for Isidore.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] The storm surge reached as high as convert|6|m|ft over southern portions of Yucatán state. Nearly one-third of all fishing vessels were damaged by Isidore.MWH. [http://www.climatevarg.org/essd/env/varg.nsf/42ec25f6537f5eff85256dab0048d8e9/b603b3c185bee77485256dab0059aca8/$FILE/EC%20VARG%20Mexico%20Report%20EC.pdf Linking Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Poverty Reduction.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Nearly 36,500 houses were destroyed in Yucatán from the intense winds,MWH. [http://www.climatevarg.org/essd/env/varg.nsf/42ec25f6537f5eff85256dab0048d8e9/b603b3c185bee77485256dab0059aca8/$FILE/EC%20VARG%20Mexico%20Report%20EC.pdf Linking Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Poverty Reduction.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] 83,000 homes damaged, and 500,000 were left homeless.SourceMex Economic News & Analysis on Mexico. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32275231_ITM FEDERAL, STATE GOVERNMENTS ACCUSED OF MISHANDLING ASSISTANCE EFFORTS TO VICTIMS OF HURRICANE ISIDORE.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Downed trees and power lines were common over much of the northern Yucatán Peninsula, [Associated Press. [http://www.morningsun.net/stories/092402/usw_0924020014.shtml Hurricane Isidore batters Yucatan Peninsula, could head toward U.S. Gulf coast.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] and 75% of barns and warehouses were either severely damage or destroyed. Damage to crops and livestock was extreme; 2,000 square kilometres of maize and 400 square kilometres of fruit trees were damaged across the country. [International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. [http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/annual02/01610203.pdf Programme Update.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] A total of 70% of the poultry production and livestock were lost during the storm in Yucatán. Damage to Mexico's power grid reached US$19.76 million. Over one-fourth of the roads across the peninsula were moderately or severely damaged, which resulted in losses of US$9.88 million to rural areas.SourceMex Economic News & Analysis on Mexico. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32275231_ITM FEDERAL, STATE GOVERNMENTS ACCUSED OF MISHANDLING ASSISTANCE EFFORTS TO VICTIMS OF HURRICANE ISIDORE.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Farming in Campeche experienced significant damage, with 30,000 cattle and 100,000 acres (400 km²) of agricultural land lost.

Throughout the Yucatán Peninsula, there were no direct deaths attributed to Hurricane Isidore. However, there were two indirect deaths.USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-09-23-isidore.htm Isidore pummels Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Damage in the country totaled $640 million (2002 USD).cite web|author=Université Catholique de Louvain|year=2007|title=EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean|accessdate=2007-09-07|url=http://www.em-dat.net/]

Central America

Isidore caused heavy rains in Guatemala due to upslope flow from the Pacific Ocean, which led to landslides and flooding across southern and western portions of the country. The rains led to the drowning of two people when they tried to cross a rain-swollen river. Three hundred and fifty households reported losses.USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-09-23-isidore.htm Isidore pummels Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.]

Eastern United States

In the open Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Isidore and later Hurricane Lili contributed to the shutdown of offshore oil and gas platforms. The effects of back-to-back storms resulted in the loss of production of convert|14.4|Moilbbl|m3 of oil and convert|88.9|Gcuft|m3 of natural gas. A storm surge of convert|8.3|ft|m was measured at Rigoletes, Louisiana and at Gulfport Harbor, Mississippi.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] Hurricane Isidore brought widespread heavy rainfall from the central Gulf coast into the Ohio Valley, with a maximum of convert|15.97|in|mm at Metarie, Louisiana.David M. Roth. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isidore2002filledrainblk.gifBlack Background, color-filled rainfall graphic for Isidore.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] The flooding was responsible for moderate crop damage, with a total of $330 million in damage (2002 USD, $360 million 2006 USD). [John L. Beven II, Richard J. Pasch and Miles B. Lawrence. [http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/spring_03/atlantic.shtml Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-03-06.] Isidore claimed five lives; four direct and one indirect. The indirect death was from a man that went into cardiac arrest in Mississippi, whereas the other four were drowning deaths.Lixion Avila. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isidore 14 - September 27, 2002.] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.]

Retirement

The name Isidore was retired in the spring of 2003 and will never be used for an Atlantic hurricane again. [National Hurricane Center. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B3.html Frequently Asked Questions. Subject: B3) What names have been retired in the Atlantic and East Pacific basin?] Retrieved on 2008-02-28.] It was replaced with Ike in the 2008 season.

See also

* List of Atlantic hurricanes
* List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
* List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States
* List of wettest tropical cyclones in Jamaica

References

External links

* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002isidore.shtml NHC Hurricane Isidore Tropical Cyclone Report]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/ISIDORE.shtml NHC advisory archives for Hurricane Isidore]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2002/ISIDORE/ISIDORE_archive.shtml Hydrometeorological Prediction Center advisory archive on Tropical Depression Isidore]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2270127.stm Cuba effects]
* [http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/020919isidore.html Red Cross Preparation]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-09-23-isidore.htm Yucatan effects]
* [http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/whatsnew/newsreal/021018.html Oil and Gas Production]


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