Stanisława Walasiewicz

Stanisława Walasiewicz (also known as Stanisława Walasiewiczówna and Stella Walsh) (April 3, 1911 – December 4, 1980) was a Polish athlete who became an Olympic champion by competing among women, even though it was later learned that Walasiewicz had ambiguous genitalia and could not easily be identified as either biologically male or female.

Walasiewicz was born April 3, 1911Some sources also cite April 7 and April 11] in Wierzchownia, near Rypin, Congress Poland. Her family emigrated to the United States when she was only three months old. Her father, Julian Walasiewicz, settled in Cleveland, where he found a job as a steel mill worker.pl icon cite journal|author=Klaudia Snochowska-Gonzales|year=2004|month=August| title =Walasiewicz była kobietą (Walasiewicz Was a Woman)|journal=Gazeta Wyborcza|volume=190|issue=2004-08-14|pages=8|url=http://szukaj.gazeta.pl/archiwum/1,0,4144041.html?wyr=Walasiewicz%2B%2B%2B | accessdate = 2006-05-31 ] Her family called her "Stasia", a common Polish diminutive of her Christian name, which later gave birth to the American version of her name, Stella.

She started her athletic career in a public school in Cleveland. Fast and agile, in 1927 she easily won the competition for a place in the American Olympic team started by the Cleveland Press newspaper. However, Walasiewicz was not an American citizen and could not obtain citizenship under the age of 21. The success of Halina Konopacka, a Polish athlete who won gold in the discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics, inspired Walasiewicz to join the local branch of Sokół, a Polish sports and patriotic organization active among the Polish diaspora. During the Pan-Slavic Slet of Sokół movement in Poznań, she scored her first major international victories. She won five gold medals: in running for 60, 100, 200 and 400 metres, as well as long jump. She was asked to stay in Poland and join the Polish national athletic team; she also continued to run in various American challenges and games.

In the late 1920s, she was already a well-known athlete. As an amateur, she was also working as a clerk in Cleveland. While still not a U.S. citizen, Walasiewicz did participate in, and won, numerous American national championships, usually under the name of Stella Walsh. For her part in interstate athletic championships, the city of Cleveland awarded her a car. She was finally offered American citizenship, probably under the insistence of the Amateur Athletic Union, whose members envisioned Walasiewicz—or Stella Walsh, as she was referred to in the USA—as a future gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. However, just two days prior to her Oath of Citizenship, she changed her mind and instead adopted Polish citizenship, offered to her by the Polish consulate in New YorkAt the time of Walasiewicz' birth, Poland was under partitions, and she was officially a citizen of the Russian Empire, even though the state had ceased to exist as a result of the Russian Civil War.] In 1930, she was chosen the most popular Polish athlete by readers of the "Przegląd Sportowy" ("Sports Review") daily. [http://www.ozarow.maz.pl/ozarowianka/plebiscyt.htm Plebiscyt PS ] ]

In the 1932 Summer Olympics, she represented Poland. In both the and the semifinals of the 100m, Walasiewicz equaled the current world record of 11.9 seconds, a feat she repeated in the final, which she won. The same day, she also finished 6th out of 9 in the discus throw event.cite web| author =Polish Olympic Committee (corporate author)| date = | year =2005| month =| url =http://www.olimpijski.pl/10322.html| title =Los Angales - 1932.08.02 (sic!)| work =Polski Portal Olimpijski PKOl| publisher =Polish Olympic Committee| accessdate =2006-06-01] Upon her return to Poland, she almost instantly became a well-known personality. She was welcomed by gigantic crowds in the port of Gdynia, and a few days later, she was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit for her achievements. She was also again chosen the most popular Polish person in sports, and held that title for three years.

She started the following season of 1933 with an injury, which made her abandon her plans to run in the Polish Skating Championships. However, she quickly recovered and returned to an active career, with a failed run in Prague. In the spring, she appeared at the Championships of Warsaw, where she seized 9 gold medals, including one for 80 metres hurdling, one for 4x200 relay, and one for long jump.pl icon cite web| author =Krzysztof Bazylow| date = 2004-10-25| year = 2004| month =October| url =http://new.sports.pl/index.php?show=1&s=15&ns=42900&action=send_to_friend&sid=806ffe2f50f5c147e02cc1bacd500c0c| title =1933 - STANISŁAWA WALASIEWICZ| work =sports.pl| accessdate =2006-06-01] On September 17, in Poznań, she beat two world records in one day: 7.4 seconds for 60m and 11.8 seconds for 100m. A week later, in Lwów, she beat her own lifetime record of 7.3 for 60m. Her Olympic success also won her a scholarship at the Warsaw Institute of Physical Education, where she met with some of the most notable Polish athletes of the epoch, including Jadwiga Wajs, Feliksa Schabińska, Maria Kwaśniewska, and Janusz Kusociński.

In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, she attempted to defend her Olympic title; but, as the World Record holder by now, she was beaten to the title by Helen Stephens of the U.S. She came in second, in 11.7 seconds. Ironically, in hindsight, Stephens was accused of being male and was forced to submit to a genital inspection to prove otherwise. After the Olympic Games, Walasiewicz declared her plans to retire from an active sports career, but changed her mind and instead moved to the U.S., where she resumed her amateur career. During and after World War II, she continued to appear at various championships, but the days of her spectacular successes were mostly over. After the war, Poland had been overrun by the Soviet Union, and Walasiewicz decided to stay in the United States. In 1947, she finally accepted American citizenship and married boxer Neil Olson. Although the marriage did not last long, she continued to use the name Stella Walsh Olson for the rest of her life. She won her last U.S. title at age forty, in 1951, and she was inducted into the U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.

After her retirement, she continued to be active in a variety of Polish sport associations in the U.S., where she organized championships and helped young athletes. She also funded a variety of awards for Polish sportspeople living in America.

Walsh was a bystander in an armed robbery in Cleveland, Ohio on December 4, 1980, and was killed at the age of 69. An autopsy showed that she possessed maleen icon cite journal | author =Associated Press (corporate author) | year = 1981 | month =January | title =Report Says Stella Walsh; Had Male Sex Organs | journal =The New York Times | issue =1981-01-23| url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400EFDA153BF930A15752C0A967948260 | accessdate =2006-05-31 ] en icon [http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9002715 Walasiewicz, Stanislawa] . (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 1, 2006] genitalia, although some sources suggest she also displayed some female characteristics.pl icon cite journal | author =Piotr Słonimski | year = 2002 | month = November | title =Co ma wirus do płci (On Viruses and Gender) | journal =Rzeczpospolita | volume =266 | issue =2002-11-15 | url =http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/gazeta/wydanie_021115/nauka/nauka_a_1.html | accessdate =2006-06-01 ] Detailed investigation has also revealed that she had both an XX and an XY pair of chromosomes.

The controversy on her gender remains unresolved, and the situation is further complicated by the fact that many earlier documents, including her birth record, state that she was a woman. There was also some controversy as to whether all her records and achievements should be erased,en icon cite book | author =Cecil Smith | coauthors =various authors | title =Canada Heirloom Series | year =1998 |editor =Charles J. Humber| pages =344-349 | chapter=History of Canadian Track and Field and Road Running| chapterurl=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume1/chapter10/344-349.htm | publisher =Heirloom Publishing | location =Mississauga | id =ISBN | url =http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/ | accessdate =2006-06-01 ] but ultimately, neither the International Olympic Committee nor the IAAF commented on the matter Fact|date=February 2007.

The case of Stanisława Walasiewicz is often regarded as one of the reasons why the IOC has gradually dropped gender determination tests. In the end, such a requirement was dropped prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics, as it was decided that genetic gender is not necessarily equal to social or biological gender. Fact|date=February 2007

In Cleveland, on Broadway Avenue, there is a city-owned recreational center named after Stella Walsh. It is attached to Cleveland South High School.

Records

Throughout her life, Walasiewicz set over 100 national and world records, including 51 Polish records, 18 world records, and 8 European records. Her European record for 100 yards remains unbeaten as of 2006, although races measured in yards are rare today.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.olympic.org/ IOC Official Website]
* [http://www.iaaf.org/ IAAF Official Website]