Tencteri and Usipetes

Tencteri and Usipetes

The Tencteri and Usipetes were Germanic tribes located on the eastern bank of the lower Rhine in the 1st century BC. They are known primarily from Julius Caesar's account of his campaigns against them in his "Commentarii de Bello Gallico".

Caesar describes how the Tencteri and Usipetes had been driven from their traditional lands by the Suebi, whose military dominance of the region led to constant warfare and neglect of agriculture. In the winter 55 BC, having failed to find new lands elsewhere in Germania, they came to the mouth of the Rhine, into the territory of the Menapii, a Belgic tribe which had land on both sides of the river and had not yet submitted to Roman rule. Alarmed by the scale of the incursion, the Menapii had withdrawn from their territories east of the Rhine and successfully resisted the Germans' bid to cross it for some time. The Germans feigned a retreat, allowing the Menapii to return to their territories east of the Rhine. Their cavalry then returned and made a surprise night attack. They crossed the river in seized Menapian ships, occupied Menapian villages and towns, and spent the rest of the winter living on Menapian provisions.

Caesar, fearing that the Gauls might ally themselves with the newcomers against him, hurried to deal with this threat to his command of the region. He discovered that a number of Gallic tribes had attempted to pay the Germans generously to leave, but the Tencteri and Usipetes, interpreting this as weakness, had ranged further into Gallic territory into the lands of the Condrusi and Eburones. Caesar convened a meeting of the Gallic chiefs, and, pretending he did not know of their attempts at bribery, demanded cavalry and provisions for war against the Tencteri and Usipetes.

The Tencteri and Usipetes sent ambassadors to Caesar as he advanced. While they boasted of their military strength, claiming that they could defeat anyone but the Suebi, they offered an alliance, requesting that Caesar assign them land. Caesar refused any alliance so long as the Tencteri and Usipetes remained in Gaul. He proposed settling them in the territory of the Ubii, another Germanic tribe who had sought his help against the aggression of the Suebi, there being no land available in Gaul.

The ambassadors requested a truce of three days, during which time neither side would advance towards the other, while they took Caesar's counter-proposal to their leaders for consideration, but Caesar would not accept this, believing the Germans were buying time for the return of their cavalry, who had crossed the Meuse to plunder the Ambivariti a few days previously. As Caesar continued to advance, further ambassadors requested a three-day truce for them to negotiate with the Ubii about his settlement proposal, but Caesar refused for the same reason. He offered a single day, during which he would advance no more than four miles, and ordered his officers to act defensively and not to provoke battle.

The Germanic cavalry, although outnumbered by Caesar's Gallic horsemen, made the first attack, forcing the Romans to retreat. Caesar describes a characteristic battle-tactic they used, where a horsemen would leap down to their feet and stab enemy horses in the belly. Accusing them of violating the truce, Caesar refused to accept any more ambassadors, arresting some who came requesting a further truce, and led his full force against the German camp. The Usipetes and Tencteri were thrown into disarray and forced to flee, pursued by Caesar's cavalry, to the confluence of the Rhine and Meuse. Many were killed attempting to cross the rivers. [Julius Caesar, "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" ] [Lee, K.H. "Caesar's Encounter with the Usipetes and the Tencteri." "Greece & Rome" 2nd vol. 2 (1969): 100-103.]

Tacitus does not mention the Tencteri or Usipetes in his "Germania", an ethnographic account of Germanic peoples and customs, but records in his "Agricola" that a cohort of Usipi, perhaps synonymous with the Usipetes, took part as auxiliaries in the military campaigns of the general Agricola in Britain. [Tacitus, "Agricola" ]

Although the Usipetes and Tencteri were referred to by the Romans as Germanic rather than Gallic. Their names, however, are most reasonably explained as Celtic: "Usipetes" translates as "good riders" and "Tencteri" as "the faithful". ["-ipetes" (*"epetes") is a cognate of the Latin "equites". "Tencteri" seems to be Celtic rather than Germanic (germ. *"Tincteri"), but could well be either. Rübekeil, "Diachrone Studien zur Kontaktzone zwischen Kelten und Germanen", Wien, 2002, p. 81f., 383f.]

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Campaign history of the Roman military — This article is part of the series on: Military of ancient Rome (portal) 753 BC – AD 476 Structural history Roman army (unit types and ranks …   Wikipedia

  • Civitas Tungrorum — The Civitas Tungrorum was a large Roman administrative district. In the early days of the Roman empire it was in the province of Gallia Belgica, but it later joined the neighbouring lower Rhine river border districts, within the province of… …   Wikipedia

  • Eburones — The Eburones (Greek: polytonic|Ἐβούρωνες, Strabo), were a people of Germanic descentJulius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico ] that lived in the upper north of Gallia largely between the Rhine and the Maas, east of the Menapii. This area later …   Wikipedia

  • Sicambri — The Sicambri (var. Sicambers, Sicambres, Sigambrer, Sugumbrer, or Sugambri ) were a Germanic people living in what is now called the Netherlands at the turn of the first millennium. Originating in the Germanic Celtic contact zone (c.f.… …   Wikipedia

  • Nordwestblock — The Nordwestblock (English: North West Block ), is a hypothetical cultural region, that several 20th century scholars propose as a prehistoric culture, thought to be roughly bounded by the rivers Meuse, Elbe, Somme and Oise (the present day… …   Wikipedia

  • Germani cisrhenani — is a Latin term which refers to that part of the tribal people known as Germani who lived to the west of the Rhine river. Cisrhenane, the English form of the word, means this side of the Rhine . The opposite is transrhenane or that side of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Marcus Lollius — Paulinus, Roman was a general, the first governor of Galatia (25 BC) and served as consul in 21 BC. In 16 BC, when governor of Gaul (Bergmanus), he was defeated by the Sicambri and Tencteri and Usipetes, German tribes who had crossed the Rhine.… …   Wikipedia

  • Military campaigns of Julius Caesar — The military campaigns of Julius Caesar constituted both the Gallic War (58 BC 51 BC) and Caesar s civil war (50 BC 45 BC). They followed Caesar s consulship (chief magistracy) in 59 BC, which had been highly controversial. The Gallic War mainly… …   Wikipedia

  • Téncteros — Los téncteros (del latín Tencteri o Tenctheri) fueron un pueblo germánico, citado por primera vez por Julio César. Ocupaban junto a los usípetes una región del interior de Alemania hasta que fueron expulsados por los suevos. Se asentaron después… …   Wikipedia Español

  • History of the Netherlands — This article is part of a series Early History …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”