Botafumeiro

The Botafumeiro is a famous thurible found in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral. Incense is burned in this swinging metal container, or "incensory". The name "Botafumeiro" means "smoke expeller" in Galician. [In Galician, "botar" means "to eject", and "fume" means "smoke" [http://santiago-online.com/deu/Santiago_Botafumeiro.html] .]

Description

There is a dome on the roof of the church containing the pulley mechanism from which the "Botafumeiro" is suspended. The current pulley mechanism was installed in 1604.

The present Botafumeiro is made of an alloy of brass and bronze and is plated by a very thin 20 micrometre layer of silver. The current Botafumeiro was created by the gold and silversmith José Losada in 1851. It has a golden sheen.

The Santiago de Compostela Botafumeiro is one of the largest censers in the world, [The claim that the Botafumeiro is the largest thurible in the world is often made, but in fact there is a thurible in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany that reportedly weighs 500 kg and stands 3.21 meters high [http://santiago-online.com/deu/Santiago_Botafumeiro.html] .] weighing 80 kg [There are many other weights given in the literature, as can be seen in this section.] and measuring 1.60 m in height. It is normally on exhibition in the library of the cathedral, [ [http://www.galiciaguide.com/Santiago-pilgrimage.html "Camino de Santiago (Way of Saint James) pilgrimage"] , Galicia Guide: Guide to everything Galicia; includes a picture of the Botafumeiro in the museum library of the cathedral.] [ [http://www.galinor.es/santiago/monum-e.html "Santiago de Compostella Old City Monuments"] , [http://www.galinor.es/galicia-e.html Galicia Espana The Tourist Guide] ] but during certain important religious occasions it is brought to the floor of the cathedral and attached to ropes hung from the pulley mechanism.

There is another large thurible used in the other masses carried out in the cathedral, called "La Alcachofa" (literally, "The Artichoke") [http://santiagodecompostela.vivelaciudad.es/2007/01/31-el-botafumeiro "El Botafumeiro"] , Javier Mosquera, Vivelacuidad, January 31, 2007.] or "La Repollo" (literally, "The Cabbage"). [http://santiago-online.com/deu/Santiago_Botafumeiro.html "Der Botafumeiro"] , [http://santiago-online.com/index.de.html santiago-online website] ] La Alcachofa is a silver-colored metal censer. It was created in 1971 by the sacred art artisans working under the craftsman Luis Molina Acedo.

The ropes typically last about 20 years before they have to be replaced. However, recently a thicker rope than usual was used, and the extra rubbing produced premature wear of the rope. Therefore, this thicker rope had to be replaced sooner than had been expected, in 2004. [ [http://www.santiago-today.com/santiago_article.cfm?art_id=118 "The Botafumeiro swings again"] , Ivar Rekve, Santiago Today, Thursday, August 19, 2004] Before 2004, the ropes were woven from hemp, [ [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/main.jhtml?xml=/travel/2001/10/17/etcharles6.xml&page=3 "Santiago at last"] , Charles Ranald,The Daily Telegraph, 17/10/2001] or a type of grass called esparto, and made in Vigo, Spain. Since 2004, a rope made of synthetic material has been used.

Shovels are used to fill the Botafumeiro, or the Alcachofa, with about 40 kg of charcoal and incense. [The incense is made from hardened plant resins.] The thurible is tied to the rope with elaborate knots. The censer is pushed initially to start its motion. Eight red-robed "tiraboleiros" pull the ropes, producing increasingly large oscillations of the censer. The turible's swings almost reach the ceiling of the transept. The incensory can reach speeds of 68 km/h as it dispenses thick clouds of incense.

At the top of the swing, the Botafumeiro reaches heights of 21 meters. It swings in a 65 meter arc between the Azabachería and Praterias doorways at the ends of the transept. The maximum angle achieved is about 82°. The maximum can be reached after about 17 cycles, and requires about 80 seconds of swinging.

It costs about 250€ for each thurible "performance" at the cathedral. Although this is expensive, the swinging of the thurible is very popular with pilgrims, tourists and visitors.

The Botafumeiro produces large volumes of smoke. This is in accord with the well-known saying in religious circles, "More incense, less nonsense."

Tiraboleiros

The Botafumeiro is carried and swung by eight men in red robes, called "tiraboleiros". The term "tiraboleiro" is a Galician distortion of the Latin word "turifer", which means "incense carrier", and from which is derived the English equivalent, "thurifer". This comes from the Latin words "thus", meaning incense, and "fero", meaning "carry". There is a comparable term in Spanish, a "turiferario". [This is also the term used in Italian.]

The current chief "tiraboleiro" is Armando Raposo. [ [http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/especiales/2004/xacobeo04/noticia.jsp?TEXTO=2949369 "El botafumeiro recuperó su funcionamiento habitual"] , Adriana R. Eiroa, La Voz de Galicia, 2004.]

History

One tradition has it that the use of a swinging censer in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral began in the 11th century. [One document from around 1300 describes the Botafumeiro as "now part of the ceremony" [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jpq/equadiff/botafumeiro/index.htm] .] Arriving pilgrims were tired and unwashed. They were also crowded together, and until 1786, used to eat and sleep in the cathedral. Dispersing incense smoke inside the church under these conditions was probably a reasonable approach to combat the bodily odors of the accumulated masses. It was also believed that incense smoke had a prophylactic effect in the time of plagues and epidemics. Of course, incense burning is also an important part of the liturgy, being an "oration to God", or form of prayer.

In the 1200s, the pulley mechanism was changed to incorporate a set of coaxial drums of different diameters. [ [http://web.archive.org/web/20060619102357/http://www.worldisround.com/photos/5/414/133_o.jpgA picture of the Botafumeiro pulley mechanism beneath the dome] ] Without this innovation, the largest excursion of the Botafumeiro would be about 1.5 meters, the length of the rope pulled by the tiraboleiros.

In the 1400s, France's King Louis XI (1423-1483) donated money to the cathedral to replace their medieval thurible, which was made of silver. A new silver thurible was put into service in 1554. Unfortunately, this ornate vessel was stolen by Napoleon's troops in April, 1809, during an episode in the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814). Therefore, the Louis XI censer was replaced by the present less ostentatious Losada thurible in 1851.

After 155 years of use, the Botafumeiro was restored in early 2006 by artisans and craftsmen working under Luis Molina Acedo. They repaired the dents and cracks in the Botafumeiro and then reapplied a 20 micrometre thick plating of silver to the vessel. [ [http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/albumes/galeria.jsp?album=2006329101118 Pictures of the Botafumeiro being repaired and restored in 2006] ]

Many other cathedrals had similar large thuribles at one time. However, most of the other cathedrals discontinued the use of their swinging censers over the years.

Accidents

There have been a number of accidents that occurred during the swinging of the Botafumeiro over the years. Apparently at one time, the Botafumeiro was attached to the rope with a hook which sometimes became disconnected.

One of the most renowned accidents took place during a visit of Princess Catherine of Aragon. She was on a journey to marry the heir to the English throne in 1499 and stopped by the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela. While it was being swung, the Botafumeiro flew out of the cathedral through the Platerias high window. No one was reported to have been injured on this occasion.

The ropes and other devices securing the Botafumeiro have also failed on May 23rd, 1622, and more recently in 1925 and July 1937. In 1622, the Botafumeiro fell at the feet of the tiraboleiros. In July 1937, the cords holding the Botafumeiro failed again, and hot coals were spilled on the ground.

Current procedure is to attach the rope to the Botafumeiro with a set of "sailor's knots". [ [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/raid1cdroms/spain/santiago_de_compostella/cathedral/interior/botafumeiro/PB267642.jpgPicture showing the knot securing the Botafumeiro] ]

Reported weight of the Botafumeiro

Almost every source reports a different weight of the Botafumeiro. This might be because there are multiple thuribles used in ceremonies at the cathedral, and different weights when the thuribles are empty and full of fuel. For example, one can find reported weights of:
*87 kilograms [ [http://www.theharvardadvocate.com/archives/2005/fall/features_tiao.html "Speaking in Tongues: Stories from the Road to Santiago", G. Tiao, Harvard Advocate, Fall, 2005] ]
*50 kilograms [http://perso.orange.fr/jpq/equadiff/botafumeiro/index.htm "Le Botafumeiro"] differential equation example]
*53 kilograms [ [http://www.cuuthe.com/bao/s218hanhhuong.html HÀNH HƯƠNG NĂM THÁNH SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA 2004] , Tứ Linh, Vietnamese account.]
*80 kilograms [ [http://santiago-de-compostela.costasur.com/en/catedrale.html costasur site services for visitors and residents of santiago de compostela] ]
*80 kilograms [http://www.santiago-today.com/santiago_article.cfm?art_id=108 "The use of La Botafumeiro, the smoking pot, in the cathedral has been suspended"] , Ivar Rekve, Santiago Today, August 6, 2004]
*60 kilograms [ [http://www.galiciaguide.com/cathedral-tour.html Galicia Guide article] ]
*160 kilograms [ [http://gryjhnsn.tripod.com/santiago/closerwalkmay.pdf "The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela: A Closer Walk", Gary T. Johnson, 2002] ] and many other weights.

Footnotes and references

* [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000052000010000937000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes "O Botafumeiro: Parametric pumping in the Middle Ages"] , Juan R. Sanmartín, American Journal of Physics, Volume 52, Issue 10, October 1984, pp.937-945

External links

* [http://www.catedraldesantiago.es The official site of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral]
* [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/raid1cdroms/spain/santiago_de_compostella/cathedral/interior/botafumeiro/ Botafumeiro pictures]

Botafumeiro simulations

* [http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/physique/perso/gtulloue/Meca/Oscillateurs/botafumeiro.html A simulation of the motion of the Botafumeiro]
* [http://perso.orange.fr/jpq/equadiff/botafumeiro/botafumeiro1.htm Another simulation of the motion of the Botafumeiro]

Videos

* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=c6az7f1n_HU Botafumeiro video]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9183427750786235492 tiraboleiro video]
* [http://crtvg.es/cgi-bin/camweb/camaras.asp?id=11&idioma=ingles web cam from inside the cathedral, showing the space through which the Botafumeiro travels]