- Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge
The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge is a 9,427 acre (38 km²)
National Wildlife Refuge in Saginaw County managed by theUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service . It is located in the central portion of the lower peninsula of theU.S. state ofMichigan , approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of theSaginaw Bay inLake Huron and five miles (8 km) south of the city of Saginaw. It was established in1953 to provide habitat for migratory waterfowl.Known locally as the Shiawassee Flats, the refuge lies in the Saginaw Bay watershed, historically one of the largest and most productive
wetland ecosystem s in Michigan. Four rivers - the Tittabawassee, Flint, Cass, and Shiawassee - converge on the refuge to form theSaginaw River .Wildlife and Habitat
Refuge habitats include
riparian ,floodplain /bottomlandhardwood forest s, and emergentmarsh es, as well as shallow managedwetland s andcropland s.Over 265 species of birds have been documented on the refuge, including raptors, shore and wading birds, and more than 100 songbird species. Shiawassee Refuge is designated as a
United States Important Bird Area (IBA) for its global significance to migratory waterfowl. It is also one of six focus areas designated by the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Basin Joint Venture of theNorth American Waterfowl Management Plan .During peak populations in late October, up to 25,000
Canada geese and 40,000duck s are present. A great diversity of other wildlife associated with freshwater marshes and floodplain forests are also found here.History
In postglacial times,
Lake Huron andSaginaw Bay extended much farther inland than they do now. When the water receded, it left behind a flat,sand y wetland surrounded by low hills. It served as the drainage zone for an area of lower Michigan that covers approximately ten counties. The region was a treasure-house of the wetlandtimber industry in the late 1800s. After the old-growth trees had almost all been removed, starting in 1903 farmers tried to ditch and tile-drain the land for arable crops. The "Ferguson Bayou" region of this drained land did not prove to be well-suited for this purpose, although the wildlife refuge continues to use, maintain, and rebuild many of the ditches, drains, and dikes dug during this period. The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1953.The area was an attractive hunting and gathering area for many early cultures and later Native American tribes, like the
Odawa andOjibwa . Ducks and geese flocked to this vast area of wetlands and rivers. Other animals, including otter, fisher,marten ,elk ,moose , andbear were also found here.The Flats received little human impact until the late 1800s, when the lumber industry expanded to this area.
Coal was mined in the area from the early 1900s to the late 1930s. In 1903, farmers began converting the land for crops and, by 1950, a system of pumps, drainage tile, ditches and dikes were in place, making this an extensive agricultural area.Canada geese
Shiawassee NWR has been designated as a "U.S. Important Bird Area" by the American Birding Association because of the genuinely migratory James Bay flocks of
Canada geese that utilize the wetland annually. These James Bay geese should be sharply distinguished from the stay-at-home geese that have learned how not to migrate.Refuge management
Shiawassee Refuge is also responsible for managing a portion of the
Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge within Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, including Thunder Bay, Scarecrow, and the Charity Islands. TheDetroit River International Wildlife Refuge is also under its management, until a permanent staff is hired. The refuge also administers the Shiawassee Management District which coordinates wetland restorations in 22 counties and manages conservation easements in 44 counties of lower Michigan.The refuge is authorized to expand its present boundaries by 7,500 acres (30 km²) along the Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, and Cass rivers from willing sellers.
External links
* [http://refuges.fws.gov/profiles/index.cfm?id=31520 U.S. FWS profile page]
* [http://midwest.fws.gov/shiawassee/ Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge Official site]
*:This article is based on content from both of the above public domain sources
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