Arthur Holmes

Arthur Holmes (January 14 1890 – September 20 1965) was a British geologist. As a child he lived in Low Fell, Gateshead and attended the Gateshead Higher Grade School which later became Gateshead Grammar School [cite web|url=http://www.bpears.org.uk/Misc/Gateshead_Plaques/#HolmesA|title=Commemorative Plaques in Gateshead Borough]

He performed the first uranium-lead radiometric dating specifically designed to measure the age of a rock during his undergraduate studies. His result was 370 mya for a Devonian rock from Norway. He graduated in 1910, and the result was published 1911, [Holmes, Arthur "The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals and its application to the measurement of geologic time," "Proceedings of the Royal Society", Series A, vol. 85, pages 248-256 (9 June 1911)] after he had already travelled to Mozambique for six months to prospect for minerals. He contracted blackwater fever and malaria so severe that an obituary was telegraphed back to Britain. However, he immediately left for home and recovered, and, because of this managed to avoid military service during World War I.

He joined the staff at Imperial College, where he pursued doctoral studies, obtaining a PhD in 1917.

He then took a job with an oil company in Burma, but the company went bankrupt and he had to return to England penniless in 1924. To make matters worse, his son had died of dysentery in Burma. He then became Professor of geology at the University of Durham, but moved on to the University of Edinburgh later in his career (1943), retiring in 1956.

He greatly furthered the newly created discipline of geochronology and published the world renowned book "The Age of the Earth" in 1913 in which he estimated the Earth's age to be 1.6 billion years.

He championed the theory of continental drift, even when he was in a small minority. He proposed that Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface. His second famous book "Principles of Physical Geology" was published in 1944, which concludes with a chapter about continental drift. His later measurements of the age of the Earth (4,500 +/- 100 Ma) were based on measurements of the relative abundance of uranium isotopes by Alfred O. C. Nier.

He won the Wollaston Medal in 1956 and the Penrose Medal in the same year. The Arthur Holmes Medal of the European Geosciences Union is named after him.

A crater on Mars was named in his honour.

The Durham University Department of Earth Sciences' [http://www.dur.ac.uk/geochem.www/group/arthurholmes.htm Arthur Holmes Isotope Geology Laboratory] is named after him, as is the students' Geology society.

Notes

References and external links

* Lewis, Cherry (2000) "The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89312-7
* [http://gsahist.org/gsat/gt02mar17_18.htm Geological Society of America: short biography]
* [http://www.strangescience.net/holmes.htm Another short biography]
* [http://www.dur.ac.uk/arthur-holmes.society Arthur Holmes Geological Society]