Sloan Digital Sky Survey

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. The project was named after the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

The survey was begun in 2000, and aims to map 25% of the sky and obtain observations on around 100 million objects and spectra for 1 million objects. The main galaxy sample has a median redshift of 0.1;there are redshifts for luminous red galaxies as far as z=0.4, for quasars as far as z=5; and the imaging survey has been involved in the detection of quasars beyond a redshift 6.

In the year 2006 the survey entered a new phase, the SDSS-II, by extending the observations to explore the structure and stellar makeup of the Milky Way, the SEGUE and the Sloan Supernova Survey, which watches after supernova Ia events to measure the distances to far objects.

Observations

SDSS uses a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope, and takes images using photometric system of five filters (named u, g, r, i and z). These images are processed to produce lists of objects observed and various parameters, such as whether they seem pointlike or extended (as a galaxy might) and how the brightness on the CCDs relates to various kinds of astronomical magnitude.

The SDSS telescope uses the drift scanning technique, [cite paper | author = David Rabinowitz | title = Drift Scanning (Time-Delay Integration) | date = 2005 | url = http://msc.caltech.edu/workshop/2005/presentations/Rabinowitz.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-12-27 ] which lets the telescope fix and makes use of the earth's rotation to record small stripes of the sky. The image of the stars in the focal plane drifts along the CCD chip, instead of staying fixed as in tracked telescopes. This method allows consistent astrometry over the widest possible field and precision remains unaffected by telescope tracking errors. The disadvantages are minor distortion effects and the CCD has to be written and read in the same time.

The telescope's camera is made up of thirty CCD chips each with a resolution of 2048x2048 pixels, totaling approximately 120 Megapixels. [cite web | title = Key Components of the Survey Telescope | publisher = SDSS | date = 2006-08-29 | url = http://www.sdss.org/background/telescope.html | accessdate = 2006-12-27] The chips are arranged in five rows of six chips. Each row has a different optical filter with wavelengths of 354, 476, 628, 769 and 925 nm up to a magnitude of respectively 24.4, 25.3, 25.1, 24.4 and 22.9 with a signal to noise ratio of 5. The filters are placed in the order "r,i,u,z,g". To enhance the sensitivity the camera is cooled to 190 kelvin (about -80 degrees Celsius) by liquid nitrogen.

Using this data, targets are also selected for spectroscopy. The telescope is capable of recording 640 spectra at any one time by feeding an optical fibre for each through holes drilled in an aluminum plate. Each hole is individually positioned for the target in question. Per night about six to nine plates are used for recording spectra.

Every night the telescope produces about 200 GB of data.

loan Legacy Survey

The survey covers over 7,500 square degrees of the Southern Galactic Cap with data from nearly 2 million objects and spectra from over 800,000 galaxies and 100,000 quasars. This information of the position and distance of the objects allowed to investigate for the first time the large scale structure of the Universe with its voids and filaments.

EGUE

The Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration will ultimately obtain spectra of 240,000 stars (with typical radial velocity of 10 km/s) in order to create a detailed three-dimensional map of the Milky Way. [citeweb|title=Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration|url=http://segue.uchicago.edu|publisher=segue.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2008-02-27] SEGUE data will reveal the age, compositionand phase space distribution of stars within the various Galactic components, providing crucial clues for understanding the structure, formation and evolution of our Galaxy.

loan Supernova Survey

Running until the end of the year 2007, the Supernova Survey searches for Type Ia supernovae. The survey rapidly scans a 300 square degree area to detect variable objects and supernovae. It detected 129 confirmed supernovae Ia events in 2005, and over 300 total during 2005 and 2006.

Data access

The survey makes the data releases available over the Internet. The SkyServer provides a range of interfaces to an underlying Microsoft SQL Server. Both spectra and images are available in this way, and interfaces are made very easy to use so that, for example, a full color image of any region of the sky covered by an SDSS data release can be obtained just by providing the coordinates. The data is available for non-commercial use only, without written permission. The SkyServer also provides a range of tutorials aimed at everyone from schoolchildren up to professional astronomers. The DR6, released June 2007, [citeweb|title=SDSS Data Release 6|url=http://www.sdss.org/dr6/|publisher=sdss.org|accessdate=2008-02-27] is the sixth major data release and provides images, imaging catalogs, spectra, and redshifts for download.

The raw data (from before it was processed into databases of objects) is also available through another Internet server, and through the NASA World Wind program.

Sky in Google Earth includes data from the SDSS, for those regions where such data is available. There are also KML plugins for SDSS photometry and spectroscopy layers, [citeweb|title=Google Earth KML: SDSS layer|url=http://earth.google.com/gallery/kml_entry.html#tSDSS%20layer|publisher=earth.google.com|accessdate=2008-03-24] allowing direct access to SkyServer data from within Google Sky.

Following from Technical Fellow Jim Gray's significant contribution on behalf of Microsoft Research with the SkyServer project, Microsoft's WorldWide Telescope makes use of SDSS and other data sources. [citeweb|title=When did Microsoft first starting looking at the sky?|url=http://www.worldwidetelescope.org/buzz/FAQ.aspx#mssky|publisher=worldwidetelescope.org|accessdate=2008-03-24]

Results

Along with publications describing the survey itself, SDSS data has been used in publications over a huge range of astronomical topics. The SDSS website has a full list of these publications covering distant quasars at the limits of the observable universe, [citeweb|title=SDSS Scientific and Technical Publications|url=http://www.sdss.org/publications/index.html|publisher=sdss.org|accessdate=2008-02-27] the distribution of galaxies, the properties of stars in our own galaxy and also subjects such as dark matter and dark energy in the universe.

ee also

*Alfred P. Sloan
*Apache Point Observatory
*Galaxy color-magnitude diagram
*Galaxy Zoo
*Photometric telescope
*Sloan Great Wall

References

External links

* [http://www.sdss.org/ SDSS Homepage]
* [http://cas.sdss.org/ The SkyServer]
* [http://www.sdss.org.uk/dr5/ The SkyServer DR5 UK Mirror]
* [http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/SDSS SDSS imagery in NASA World Wind]
* [http://www.wikisky.org/?img_source=SDSS&ra=13.5&de=47.2&zoom=8 SDSS imagery in WikiSky]
* [http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000192 "More of the Universe" article in "symmetry" magazine]
* [http://segue.uchicago.edu/ SEGUE Homepage]
* [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap071107.html The Sloan Great Wall: Largest Known Structure?] on [http://apod.nasa.gov APOD]