Atropoides

Atropoides

Taxobox
name = "Atropoides"



image_caption = Picado's pit viper, "A.picadoi"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
subphylum = Vertebrata
classis = Reptilia
ordo = Serpentes
subordo = Serpentes
familia = Viperidae
subfamilia = Crotalinae
genus = "Atropoides"
genus_authority = Werman, 1992
synonyms = * "Atropos" - Rüppell, 1845
* "Atropus" - Müller, 1865
* "Atropoides" - Werman, 1992McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).]

:"Common names: jumping pitvipers,Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.] jumping vipers.Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.] ""Atropoides" is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Mexico and Central America. Three species are currently recognized.ITIS|ID=585648|taxon=Atropoides|year=2006|date=2 November] The common names suggests they are able to leap at an attacker, but this is likely exaggerated.

Description

All of these snakes are extremely thick-bodied, with "A. nummifer" being the most stout and "A. picadoi" being the most slender. However, the greatest recorded length is for "A. picadoi", with one specimen that measured 120.2 cm. The head is large, with small eyes and a broadly rounded snout. The tail is short, not prehensile, and accounts for only 15% of the total body length.

The color pattern usually consists of a gray-brown or reddish brown ground color (sometimes yellow, cream, purplish brown or black) overlaid with a series of lateral and dorsal blotches. The shape of these blotches is subject to some variation, but is sometimes still helpful for identification.

Geographic range

Found in the mountains of eastern Mexico southeastward on the Atlantic versant and lowlands though Central America to central Panama. On the Pacific versant, they occur in isolated populations in east-central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama.

Behavior

The common name alludes to the supposed ability these snakes have to launch themselves at an attacker during a strike, thereby bridging a distance that are equal to or greater than the length of the body. Mehrtens (1987) states that they live up to their name, striking at their assailants with such force that they actually leave the ground. Campbell and Lamar (2004), on the other hand, describe this is greatly exaggerated, saying that actually these snakes are only able to strike about half of their own body length. In addition, they describe them as slow moving and non-aggressive. However, when provoked all species will put on a rather dramatic open-mouth threat display.

These snakes may be active both during the day or at night. On the other hand, populations found at higher altitudes seem to active only during daylight hours and never at night.

Feeding

Adults feed mainly on small mammals and lizards, while juveniles feed on orthopterans and skinks.

Venom

Unlike most vipers, members of this genus will strike and then hold on and chew. In one case, a machete was used to pry off the jaws. March (1929) wrote that "A. mexicanus" ("A. nummifer") will hang on and make half a dozen punctures unless quickly and forcibly removed. However, the effects of the venom include only transient pain and mild swelling. In one part of Honduras the locals even insist that the snake ("A. nummifer") is not venomous. Laboratory studies suggest that "Atropoides" venoms are unlikely to lead to consumption coagulopathy and incoagulable blood in humans. However, other research revealed that of ten different Costa Rican pit viper venoms tested on mice, that of "A. picadoi" was the most hemorrhagic.Warrell DA. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. "In" Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.]

pecies

"*) Not including the nominate subspecies."
T) Type species.

ee also

* List of crotaline species and subspecies
*
*
* Snakebite

References

External links

*
* Video: Herpetologist Austin Stevens [http://animal.discovery.com/fansites/austinstevens/videogallery/videooftheweek_103.html shares his canteen with a jumping pit viper] at [http://animal.discovery.com/fansites/austinstevens/austinstevens.html Austin Stevens: Snakemaster] . Accessed 2 November 2006.


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