Pterodactyloidea

Pterodactyloidea

Taxobox
name = Pterodactyloids
fossil_range = Middle JurassicLate Cretaceous



image_width = 200px
image_caption = "Gnathosaurus"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
ordo = Pterosauria
subordo = Pterodactyloidea
subordo_authority = Plieninger, 1901
subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
subdivision =
Azhdarchoidea
Ctenochasmatoidea
Dsungaripteroidea
Ornithocheiroidea

Pterodactyloidea (derived from the Greek words "πτερόν" ("pterón", for usual "ptéryx") "wing", and "δάκτυλος" ("dáctylos") "finger" meaning "winged finger", "wing-finger" or "finger-wing") forms one of the two suborders of pterosaurs ("wing lizards"), and contains the most advanced members of this group of flying reptiles. They appeared during the middle Jurassic Period, and differ from the basal rhamphorhynchoidea by their short tails and long wing metacarpals (hand bones). The most advanced forms also lack teeth. Many species had well developed crests on the skull, a form of display taken to extremes in giant-crested forms like "Nyctosaurus" and "Tupandactylus". Pterodactyloids (specifically the family Azhdarchidae) were the last surviving pterosaurs when the order became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, together with the dinosaurs and most marine reptiles.

"Pterodactyl" is also a common term for pterodactyloid pterosaurs, though it can also be used to refer to pterosaurs in general or to "Pterodactylus" specifically. Well-known examples of pterodactyloids include "Pterodactylus", "Dsungaripterus", "Pteranodon", and "Quetzalcoatlus".

Classification

Taxonomy

Listing of families and superfamilies within the suborder Pterodactyloidea, after Unwin 2006.cite book |last=Unwin |first=David M. |authorlink=David M. Unwin |title=The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time |year=2006 |publisher=Pi Press |location=New York |isbn=ISBN 0-13-146308-X |pages=246]

* Order Pterosauria
** Suborder Pterodactyloidea
*** "Nemicolopterus"Wang, X., A., W. A. Kellner, Z. Zhou, and D. A. Campos. (2008). "Discovery of a rare arboreal forest-dwelling flying reptile (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from China." "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", 106(6): 1983–1987. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707728105]
*** Superfamily Ornithocheiroidea
**** Family Istiodactylidae
**** Family Ornithocheiridae
**** Family Pteranodontidae
*** Superfamily Ctenochasmatoidea
**** "Cycnorhamphus"
**** "Feilongus"
**** "Pterodactylus"
**** Family Ctenochasmatidae
***** Subfamily Ctenochasmatinae
***** Subfamily Gnathosaurinae
*** Superfamily Dsungaripteroidea
**** "Germanodactylus"
**** "Herbstosaurus"
**** "Kepodactylus"
**** "Normannognathus"
**** "Tendaguripterus"
**** Family Dsungaripteridae
*** Superfamily Azhdarchoidea
**** Family Lonchodectidae
**** Family Tapejaridae
**** "Thalassodromeus"
**** "Tupuxuara"
**** Family Azhdarchidae

* Pterodactyloids of uncertain relationships ("incertae sedis")
** "Araripesaurus"
** "Mesadactylus"
** "Mythunga"
** "Puntanipterus"
** "Santanadactylus"

Phylogeny

Cladogram after Unwin (2003). For alternate cladograms, see List of pterosaur classifications.Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs." Pp. 139-190. in Buffetaut, E. & Mazin, J.-M., (eds.) (2003). "Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs". Geological Society of London, Special Publications 217, London, 1-347.]

clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:80%
label1=Pterodactyloidea
1=clade
1=clade
label1=Ornithocheiroidea
1=clade
1=?"Boreopterus"
2=Istiodactylidae
label3=Euornithocheira
3=clade
1=clade
label1=Ornithocheiridae
1=clade
1=Ornithocheirinae
2=Anhanguerinae

label2=Pteranodontia
2=clade
1=clade
label1=Pteranodontidae
1=clade
1="Nyctosaurus"
2=Pteranodontinae

label2=Lophocrania
2=clade
label1=Ctenochasmatoidea
1=clade
1=?"Feilongus"
2=Gallodactylidae
label3=Euctenochasmia
3=clade
1="Pterodactylus" |2="Lonchodectes" |label3=Ctenochasmatidae
3=clade
1=Gnathosaurinae
2=Ctenochasmatinae

label2=Dsungaripteroidea
2=clade
1=?"Herbstosaurus"
2=?"Kepodactylus"
3=?"Puntanipterus"
4=Germanodactylidae |5=Dsungaripteridae

label3=Azhdarchoidea
3=clade
1=?"Thalassodromeus"
2="Tupuxuara"
label3=Neoazhdarchia
3=clade
1="Tapejara"
2=Azhdarchidae

Uncertain placement ("incertae sedis"): "Araripedactylus", "Wyomingopteryx", "Bennettazhia", "Dermodactylus", "Haopterus", "Mesadactylus", "Criorhynchus".

References


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