Chaos (mythology)

:"For the state of disarray, see chaos.In Greek mythology, Chaos ("Xάος") or Khaos is the original state of existence from which the first gods appeared. In other words, the dark void of space. It is made from a mixture of what the Ancient Greeks considered the four elements: earth, air, water and fire. For example, when a log is burned, the flames were attributed to the fire in it, the smoke the air in it, the water and grease that come from it were supposed to be the water, and the ashes left over were the earth. In Greek it is Χάος, which is usually pronounced similarly to "house" (Coinè) or "cows" (Attic), but correctly in ancient Greek as IPA| ['k^ha.os] ; it means "gaping void", from the verb χαίνω "gape, be wide open, etc", Proto-Indo-European *"ghen-", *"ghn-"; compare English "chasm" and "yawn", Old English "geanian" = "to gape".

Ovid, in his "Metamorphoses", described Chaos as "rather a crude and indigested mass, a lifeless lump, unfashioned and unframed, of jarring seeds and justly Chaos named". From that, its meaning evolved into the modern familiar "complete disorder".

Chaos features three main characteristics:
* it is a bottomless gulf where anything falls endlessly. This radically contrasts with the Earth that emerges from it to offer a stable ground.
* it is a place without any possible orientation, where anything falls in every direction.
* it is a space that separates, that divides: after the Earth and the Sky parted, Chaos remains between both of them.

Theogonia

According to Hesiod's "Theogony" (the origin of the gods), Chaos was the nothingness out of which the first objects of existence appeared. These first beings, depicted as children of Chaos alone, were Gaia (the Earth), Tartarus (the Underworld), Nyx (the darkness of the night), Erebus (the darkness of the Underworld), and Eros (sexual love). These beings and the first generation of beings produced by them (Ouranos (the Sky) and Pontus (the Sea)) constitute, for Hesiod, the fundamental cosmic deities.

Primal Chaos

In Ancient Greek cosmology, Chaos was the first thing to exist and the womb from which everything emerged. For Hesiod and the Olympian mythos, Chaos was the 'vast and dark' void from which the first deity, Gaia, emerged. In the Pelasgian creation myth, Eurynome ('goddess of everything') emerged from this Chaos and created the Cosmos from itFact|date=February 2007. For Orphics, it was called the 'Womb of Darkness' from which the "Cosmic Egg" that contained the Universe emerged. It is sometimes conflated with 'Black Winged Night'.

The idea is also found in Mesopotamia and associated with Tiamat the 'Dragon' of Chaos, from whose dismembered body the world was formed.

Genesis refers to the earliest conditions of the Earth as "without form, and void", a state similar to chaos. [http://bartleby.com/108/01/1.html]

Primal Chaos was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality, particularly by philosophers such as Heraclitus and those trained in Orphic schools. It was the opposite of Platonism. It was also probably what Aristotle had in mind when he developed the concept of Prima Materia in his attempt to combine Platonism with the Presocraticism and Naturalism. It was a concept inherited by the theory of alchemy.

References

* Ovid. "Metamorphoses". Book I, 7.
* Hesiod. "Theogony", 116; 123-132.