John Walter Gregory

Infobox Person
name = John Walter Gregory, FRS


image_size =
caption =
birth_date = 27 January 1864
birth_place = Bow, London
death_date = 2 June 1932
death_place =
occupation = Geologist and explorer
spouse =
parents =
children =

John Walter Gregory, FRS, (27 January 1864 – 2 June 1932) was a British geologist and explorer, known principally for his work on glacial geology and on the geography and geology of Australia and East Africa.

Early life

Gregory was born in Bow, London, the son of a wool merchant. He was educated at Stepney Grammar School and at 15 years of age entered a business house. He later took evening classes at the "Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution" (now Birkbeck, University of London). He matriculated in 1886, graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in 1891 and D. Sc. (London) in 1893. In 1887 he was appointed an assistant in the geological department of the Natural History Museum, London.

Career

Gregory remained at the museum until 1900 and was responsible for a "Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa" in three volumes (1896, 1899 and 1909), and a monograph on the "Jurassic Corals of Cutch" (1900). He obtained leave at various times to travel in Europe, the West Indies, North America, and East Africa. "The Great Rift Valley" (1896),cite book
last = Gregory
first = John Walter
title = The Great Rift Valley: Being the Narrative of a Journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo with Some Account of the Geology, Natural History, Anthropology and Future Prospect of British East Africa
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JRtkpqANIB4C
date = 1896
publisher = Routledge
isbn = 0714618128
pages = 422 pages] is an interesting account of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo made in 1892-3. Gregory was the first to mount a specifically scientific expedition to the mountain. [cite book
last = Hastenrath
first = Stefan
title = The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa
series = Solid Earth Sciences Library
publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers
year = 1984
isbn = 978-9027715722] He made some key observations about the geology which still stand. [Baker, B. H. "Geology of the Mount Kenya Area" (1967), Geological Survey of Kenya, Report No. 79] In 1896 he did excellent work as naturalist to Sir Marten Conway's expedition across Spitsbergen.cite book
last = Conway
first = William Martin
authorlink = Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington
coauthors = John Walter Gregory, Aubyn Bernard Rochfort Trevor-Battye, Aubyn Trevor-Battye, Edmund Johnston Garwood
title = The First Crossing of Spitsbergen: Being an Account of an Inland Journey of Exploration and Survey, with Descriptions of several Mountain Ascents, of Boat Expeditions in Ice Fjord, of a Voyage to North-East-Land, the Seven Islands, down Hinloopen Strait, nearly to Wiches Land and into most of the Fjords of Spitsbergen and of almost complete circumnavigation of the Main Island
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=CMEEAAAAMAAJ
date = 1897
publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons] His well-known memoir on glacial geology written in collaboration with Edmund J. Garwood belongs to this period.

The University of Melbourne had created new chair in geology and mineralogy created after the death of Frederick McCoy; on 11 December 1899 Gregory was appointed professor of geology and began his duties in the following February. Gregory was less than five years in Australia but his influence lasted for many years after he left. He succeeded in doing an amazing amount of work, his teaching was most successful, and he was personally popular. But he came to the university when it was in great financial trouble, there was no laboratory worthy of the name, and the council could not promise any immediate improvement. In 1904 he accepted the chair of geology at Glasgow, and he was back in Great Britain in October of that year. Besides carrying out his professional work he had many other activities during his stay in Australia. In 1900-1 he was director of the civilian scientific staff of an Antarctic expedition, and during the summer of 1901-2 he spent his vacation in Central Australia and made a journey around Lake Eyre. An account of this, "The Dead Heart of Australia", was published in 1906, dedicated to the geologists of Australia. He also published a popular book on "The Foundation of British East Africa" (1901),cite book
last = Gregory
first = John Walter
title = The Foundation of British East Africa
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=tfSH-JVZ4X8C
date = 1901
publisher = H. Marshall & son] "The Austral Geography" (1902 and 1903), for school use, and "The Geography of Victoria" (1903). Another volume, "The Climate of Australasia" (1904), was expanded from his presidential address to the geographical section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science which met at Dunedin in January 1904. "The Mount Lyell Mining Field, Tasmania", was published in 1905. This does not give a complete impression of Gregory's activities in Australia, for he was director of the Geological Survey of Victoria from 1901, in which year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, London, and he was able also to find time for university extension lecturing.

Gregory occupied his chair at Glasgow for 25 years and obtained a great reputation both as a teacher and as an administrator. After his retirement in 1929, he was succeeded by Sir Edward Battersby Bailey (Glasgow chair in geology 1929-1937). He made several expeditions including one to Cyrenaica in North Africa in 1908, where he showed the same interest in archaeology as in his own subjects; another was to southern Angola in 1912. His journey to Tibet with his son is recorded in "To the Alps of Chinese Tibet" by J. W. and C. J. Gregory (1923). His other books on geology and geography include:
*"Geography: Structural Physical and Compartitive" (1908)
*"Geology" (Scientific Primers Series) (1910)
*cite book
last = Gregory
first = J. W.
title = The Making of the Earth
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GDZEAAAAIAAJ
date = 1912
publisher = H. Holt and Company
*"The Nature and Origin of Fiords" (1913)
*"Geology of To-Day" (1915)
*cite book
last = Gregory
first = J. W.
title = Australia
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yQ5FAAAAIAAJ
date = 1916
publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons, in the Cambridge manuals of science and literature
*"Rift Valleys and Geology of East Africa" (1921), a continuation of the studies contained in his volume published in 1896
*"The Elements of Economic Geology" (1928)
*"General Stratigraphy" (in collaboration with B. H. Barrett) (1931)
*"Dalradian Geology" (1931) He wrote books in other subjects as well, such as "The Story of the Road" (1931), and he dabbled in eugenics with "The Menace of Colour" (1925) and "Human Migration and the Future" (1928). In January 1932 Gregory went on an expedition to South America to explore and study the volcanic and earthquake centres of the Andes. His boat upset and he was drowned in the Urubamba River in southern Peru on 2 June 1932.

Legacy

Gregory married Audrey, daughter of the Rev. Ayrton Chaplin, and had a son and a daughter. He was president of the Geological Society of London from 1928 to 1930, and was awarded many scientific honours including the Bigsby Medal in 1905. Most of his books have been mentioned, and in addition he wrote about 300 papers on geological geographical, and sociological subjects. Gregory was one of the most modest of men, simple and sincere, charming of manner, interested in every subject, and bringing to every subject an original point of view. A rapid thinker who did an extraordinary amount of work, it is possible that as a geologist he sometimes generalized from insufficient data; his last work "Dalradian Geology" was adversely reviewed in the "Geological Magazine". Nevertheless he was one of the most prominent geologists of his period, widely recognized outside his own country. Most of his books could be read with interest by both men of science and the general public, and as scientist, teacher, traveller, and man of letters, he had much influence on the knowledge of his time.

Works

*cite book
last = Gregory
first = J. W.
title = The Dead Heart of Australia: A Journey Around Lake Eyre in the Summer of 1901-1902, with some account of the Lake Eyre basin and the flowing wells of central Australia
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SyMQAAAAYAAJ
date = 1906
pages = 384 pages
publisher = J. Murray
*Gregory, J.W. 1911. The terms "Denudation," "Erosion," "Corrosion," and "Corrasion". The Geographical Journal 37(2):189-195.
*Gregory, J.W. 1914. The lake system of Westralia. The Geographical Journal 43(6):656-664.
*Gregory, J.W., Evans, J.W., Lamplugh, Mr. and Freshfield, D. 1917. Erosion and resulting land forms in sub-arid Western Australia, including the origin and growth of dry lakes: discussion. The Geographical Journal 50(6):434-437.

Notes

Archives

The archives for John Walter Gregory are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).

Further reading

*Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=John Walter|Last=Gregory|Link=http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogG.html#gregory3
*J. F. Lovering, ' [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090104b.htm Gregory, John Walter (1864 - 1932)] ', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, MUP, 1983, pp 100-101.

External links

*worldcat id|lccn-n50-62175