Synalpheus

Synalpheus

__NOTOC__Taxobox
name = "Synalpheus"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
subphylum = Crustacea
classis = Malacostraca
subclassis = Eumalacostraca
superordo = Eucarida
ordo = Decapoda
subordo = Pleocyemata
infraordo = Caridea
superfamilia = Alpheoidea
familia = Alpheidae
genus = "Synalpheus"
genus_authority = Bate, 1888
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = More than 100, see text.

"Synalpheus" is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are being described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed: The genus "Zuzalpheus" was established for "S. gambarelloides", "S. brooksi", and their closest relatives [Ríos & Duffy (2007)] , which contain several notably eusocial species [Duffy "et al." (2000)] . While these do seem to form a clade, it is not fully resolved whether or not they are indeed the sister taxon of all the remaining "Synalpheus" [See e.g. Duffy "et al." (2000)] . Thus it is possible that eventually "Zuzalpheus" will be demoted to a subgenus of "Synalpheus".

However, a detailed cladistic study of morphological characters found well-marked differences between the proposed two genera and concluded that the suppposed species groups around "S. biunguiculatus"/"S. coutierei", "S. brevicarpus" and "S. neomeris" are neither clearly defined nor, as it seems, monophyletic, while the group separated in "Zuzalpheus" was clearly distinct in characters of the minor first walking legs (pereiopods), and usually distinct in some others: In all "Synalpheus sensu stricto" checked to date, the transverse setal comb on the back of the minor first pereopod dactyl is missing, and the carpus is plump (about as wide as it is long or slightly wider) and small (not longer than half the length of the palm).Hermoso-Salazar "et al." (2008)]

Moreover, their stylocerite clearly extends beyond the whole first segment of the first antennae, their scaphocerite blade is never missing, the fixed finger of the major first pereopod is about the same length as the dactyl and the uropodal exopod always has one tooth only; these traits however may be also present in some of the species separated in "Zuzalpheus" though as far as can be told, most of these differ. While the authors of the 2008 analysis made no explicit comment on the status of the newly-proposed genus, they thus found the "S. gambarelloides" species group to be well-marked, and their results certainly harden the case for recognition of "Zuzalpheus" at least as a subgenus.

In the narrow sense used here, "Synalpheus" occur in the East Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. It may thus be that the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Piacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to "Zuzalpheus" are most plentiful in the western Atlantic.

The snapping behavior of "Synalpheus" is rather well studied. In "Synalpheus parneomeris", peak to peak source levels between 185 and 190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw. [Au & Banks (1998)]

elected species


* "Synalpheus ancistrorhynchus"
* "Synalpheus apioceros" Coutière, 1909
** "Synalpheus apioceros apioceros"
** "Synalpheus apioceros mayaguensis" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus arostris" Wicksten, 1989
* "Synalpheus bannerorum" Abele, 1975
* "Synalpheus bispinosus"
* "Synalpheus bituberculatus"
* "Synalpheus biunguiculatus" (Stimpson, 1860)
* "Synalpheus brevicarpus"
* "Synalpheus brevispinis" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus carinatus"
* "Synalpheus charon" Heller, [1861]
* "Synalpheus comatularum"
* "Synalpheus coutierei"
* "Synalpheus demani" Borradaile, 1899
* "Synalpheus digueti" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus dominicensis"
* "Synalpheus dorae"
* "Synalpheus echinus"
* "Synalpheus fossor"
* "Synalpheus fritzmuelleri" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus gracilirostris"
* "Synalpheus haddoni"
* "Synalpheus harpagatrus"
* "Synalpheus hastilicrassus"
* "Synalpheus heroni"
* "Synalpheus iocasta"
* "Synalpheus lani" Hermoso & Alvarez, 2005
* "Synalpheus lockingtoni" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus lophodactylus"
* "Synalpheus mexicanus" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus minus"
* "Synalpheus neomeris"
* "Synalpheus neptunus"
** "Synalpheus neptunus germanus"
** "Synalpheus neptunus neptunus"
* "Synalpheus nilandensis"
* "Synalpheus nobilii" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus obtusifrons"
* "Synalpheus paralaticeps"
* "Synalpheus paraneomeris"
* "Synalpheus paulsonoides" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus peruvianus" Rathbun, 1910
* "Synalpheus pescadorensis"
* "Synalpheus pococki"
* "Synalpheus quadriarticulatus"
* "Synalpheus readi"
* "Synalpheus sanjosei" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus sanlucasi" Coutière, 1909
* "Synalpheus scaphoceris" Coutière, 1910
* "Synalpheus sciro"
* "Synalpheus spinifrons" H.Milne-Edwards, [1837]
* "Synalpheus stimpsonii"
* "Synalpheus streptodactylus"
* "Synalpheus superus" Abele & Kim, 1989
* "Synalpheus stylopleuron" Hermoso Salazar & Hendrickx, 2005
* "Synalpheus theano"
* "Synalpheus tijou"
* "Synalpheus townsendi"
** "Synalpheus townsendi productus" Coutière, 1909
** "Synalpheus townsendi townsendi"
* "Synalpheus tropidodactylus"
* "Synalpheus tumidomanus"
* "Synalpheus wickstenae" Hermoso Salazar & Hendrickx, 2005
* "Synalpheus" sp. 'W Mexico'

Footnotes

References

* (1998): The acoustics of the snapping shrimp "Synalpheus parneomeris" ["sic"] in Kaneohe Bay. "J. Acoust. Soc. Am." 103(1): 41–47. doi|10.1121/1.423234 (HTML abstract)
* (1972): The shrimps of the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean expeditions with a summary of the West Indian shallow-water species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia). "Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" 98: 1-179. [http://www.sil.si.edu/SmithsonianContributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0098.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1988): The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the "Albatross" Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910, Part 5: Family Alpheidae. "Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" 466: 1-99. [http://www.sil.si.edu/SmithsonianContributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0466.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1909): The American species of snapping shrimps of the genus "Synalpheus". "Proceedings of the United States National Museum" 36(1659): 1-93.
* (2000): Multiple Origins of Eusociality among Sponge-dwelling Shrimps ("Synalpheus"). "Evolution" 54(2): 503-516. doi|10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x [http://www.vims.edu/bio/mobee/Duffyetal2000.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (2008): Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus "Synalpheus". "Zootaxa" 1744: 19–30. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01744p030f.pdf PDF abstract and first page]
* (2007): A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of "Zuzalpheus", new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae). "Zootaxa" 1602: 1–89. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01602p089.pdf PDF fulltext]

External links

* [http://www.marine.csiro.au/caabsearch/caab_search.family_listing?ctg=28&fcde=765&fseq=1 CSIRO]


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