List of rulers of Waterford

List of rulers of Waterford

Contents

The Kings of Viking Waterford (914-1170)

The Vikings, who had created a longphort near Waterford in 853, finally settled and created a town in 914. These were led by Ottir Iarla. Ragnall ua Ímair then installed himself over them in 917, however leaving a year later to Britain, with Ottir, and presumably placing a deputy in control. Dates and names source [1]. (Dates are extrapolated from known births, deaths and successions. The list of Viking kings is unlikely to be exhaustive.) Several of the 11th century Norse kings, the descendants of Ivar of Waterford (died 1000), were both allied to and vassals of the powerful O'Brien dynasty, with whom they may also have been intermarried, and who in at least one case in the 1070s (Diarmait, son of Toirrdelbach Ua Briain) exercised direct rule over the small city.

  1. Ottir Iarla (914-917)
  2. Ragnall ua Ímair (917-920/1)
  3. Ivar of Waterford (?-1000), probably a grandson of Ragnall
  4. Ragnall (1003-1018) (Date of death[2])
  5. Imar (1018-1022)
  6. Ragnall (1022) (or -1035[3])
  7. Sitric (1022-?)
  8. Cumana (?-1038)
  9. Wadter (?-?)
  10. Ragnall (?-1170)
  11. O’Faoláin (?-1170)

The fate of the Waterford Norse is uncertain after the Norman invasion. Forced out of their own city, they are recorded occupying some of the surrounding countryside for a period afterwards. Also uncertain is how long the Uí Ímair continued to provide rulers.

Rulers during early period of Cambro-Norman/English rule (1170-1284)

Rulers of Waterford, nominal or otherwise, till the succession of mayors begin. It appears that the first known charter was issued in 1205 by King John, although Waterford was declared a royal city by Henry II in 1171[4]. It is known that Waterford had a Provost in 1195, so certainly there was a civil administration prior to the establishment of the mayoralty[5]. Source for information in this section:[6].

(Provosts of Waterford preceded the mayors. -- Need to be added.)

Mayors of Waterford (1284-Present day)

The mayor of Waterford wears a traditional gold chain during official duties.


The links on the chain commemorate individual past mayors, though the families of the mayors themselves are responsible for providing each link. Thus, the number of links is far less than the total number of past mayors. Links may added retroactively, usually by the descendants of past mayors.

Mayors are listed by year. Sources (Years 1377-1891)[7], (Other years)[8].

1284-1299

  • 1284 - Roger le Lom
  • 1285 - Roger le Lom
  • 1285 - 1286 There were no mayors. The city was administered by the Escheator of Ireland.
  • 1294 - John le Tyler
  • 1295 - John le Tyler
  • 1296 - Ralph de Hampton
  • 1297 - Ralph de Hampton
  • 1298 - Ralph de Hampton
  • 1299 - Ralph de Hampton

1300-1399

  • 1300 - Ralph de Hampton
  • 1301 - 1376 ***Require mayors for these dates.
  • 1377 - William Lumbard
  • 1378 - William Lumbard
  • 1379 - William Chapman
  • 1380 - William Madan
  • 1381 - Philip Spell
  • 1382 - Robert Sweetman
  • 1383 - Robert Sweetman
  • 1384 - William Lumbard
  • 1385 - William Forstall
  • 1386 - Robert Bruce
  • 1387 - William Lumbard
  • 1388 - William Poer
  • 1389 - William Poer
  • 1390 - Milo Poer
  • 1391 - Walter Spence
  • 1392 - William Chapman
  • 1393 - John Rocket
  • 1394 - Milo Poer
  • 1395 - William Forstall
  • 1396 - William Attamen
  • 1397 - William Lincolne
  • 1398 - Andrew Archer
  • 1399 - John Eyenas

1400-1499

  • 1400 - William Forstall
  • 1401 - John Lumbard
  • 1402 - John Lumbard
  • 1403 - Nicholas Lumbard
  • 1404 - William Poer
  • 1405 - William Poer
  • 1406 - Richard Brushbone
  • 1407 - John Walsh
  • 1408 - John Lumbard
  • 1449 - Walter Attamen
  • 1410 - William Power
  • 1411 - John Roberts
  • 1412 - John Rocket
  • 1413 - Simon Wickins
  • 1414 - John White
  • 1415 - Nicholas Holland
  • 1416 - William Russell
  • 1417 - William Lincolne
  • 1418 - John Lumbard
  • 1419 - John Lumbard
  • 1420 - Roger Walsh
  • 1421 - Simon Wickins
  • 1422 - Thomas O'Kabrane
  • 1423 - William Lincolne
  • 1425 - Thomas O'Kabrane
  • 1426 - William Lincolne
  • 1427 - Peter Strong
  • 1428 - Robert Lincolne
  • 1429 - Peter Rice
  • 1430 - Walter Attamen
  • 1431 - Peter Strong
  • 1432 - Gilbert Dyer
  • 1433 - Foulke Commerford
  • 1434 - Peter Strong
  • 1435 - Nicholas Gough
  • 1436 - John Corr
  • 1437 - John White
  • 1438 - Nicholas Mulgan
  • 1439 - John Rope
  • 1440 - Thomas Hull
  • 1441 - Nicholas Gough
  • 1442 - William Stattadel
  • 1443 - Nicholas Mulgan
  • 1444 - Nicholas Mulgan
  • 1445 - William Corr
  • 1446 - William Corr
  • 1447 - John Rope
  • 1448 - Foulke Commerford
  • 1449 - William Lincolne
  • 1450 - William White
  • 1451 - Richard Walsh
  • 1452 - Maurice Wise
  • 1453 - Patrick Rope
  • 1454 - John Madan
  • 1455 - William White
  • 1456 - Robert Butler
  • 1457 - John Madan
  • 1458 - Richard Walsh
  • 1459 - William White
  • 1460 - Laurence Dobbin
  • 1461 - John May
  • 1462 - John Sherlock
  • 1463 - John Corr
  • 1464 - John Corr
  • 1465 - Peter Strong
  • 1466 - Nicholas Mulgan
  • 1467 - John Butler
  • 1468 - John Mulgan
  • 1469 - James Rice
  • 1470 - Nicholas Devereux
  • 1471 - James Rice
  • 1472 - James Rice
  • 1473 - John Corr
  • 1474 - John Corr
  • 1475 - Peter Sherlock
  • 1476 - Peter Lovet
  • 1477 - James Rice
  • 1478 - William Lincolne
  • 1479 - John Corr
  • 1480 - James Sherlock
  • 1481 - Maurice Wise
  • 1482 - John Butler
  • 1483 - James Rice
  • 1484 - James Rice
  • 1485 - Richard Strong
  • 1486 - James Rice
  • 1487 - John Butler
  • 1488 - James Rice
  • 1489 - Robert Lumbard
  • 1490 - William Lumbard
  • 1491 - Patrick Rope
  • 1492 - William Lumbard
  • 1493 - Robert Butler
  • 1494 - Henry Fagan
  • 1495 - John Madan

Charter revoked between the years 1495 to 1509 inclusive for unknown reason.

1500-1599

  • 1510 - John Madan
  • 1511 - John Butler
  • 1512 - Nicholas Madan
  • 1513 - John Madan
  • 1514 - James Butler
  • 1515 - Nicholas Madan
  • 1516 - John Madan
  • 1517 - Patrick Rope
  • 1518 - Nicholas Madan
  • 1519 - James Sherlock
  • 1520 - John Madan
  • 1521 - Richard Walsh
  • 1522 - Peter Walsh
  • 1523 - Nicholas Wise
  • 1524 - John Madan
  • 1525 - James Sherlock
  • 1526 - John Morgan
  • 1527 - Nicholas Wise
  • 1528 - Patrick Walsh
  • 1529 - James Sherlock
  • 1530 - 1ohn Morgan
  • 1531 - Nicholas Wise
  • 1532 - Patrick Walsh
  • 1533 - William Wise
  • 1534 - James Sherlock
  • 1535 - William Lincolne
  • 1538 - John Morgan
  • 1537 - Thomas Lumbard
  • 1538 - Edward Sherlock
  • 1539 - James Walsh
  • 1540 - William Wise
  • 1541 - Peter Dobbin
  • 1542 - James White
  • 1543 - William Lincolne
  • 1544 - Edward Sherlock
  • 1545 - Thomas Lumbard
  • 1546 - Peter Dobbin
  • 1547 - James Walsh
  • 1548 - James Madan
  • 1549 - Thomas Sherlock
  • 1550 - Walter Coltie
  • 1551 - David Walsh
  • 1552 - Peter Dobbin
  • 1553 - James Dobbin
  • 1554 - Maurice Wise
  • 1555 - Robert Walsh
  • 1556 - Henry Walsh
  • 1557 - Peter Dobbin
  • 1553 - Maurice Wise
  • 1559 - John Sherlock
  • 1560 - Peter Strong
  • 1561 - John Wise
  • 1562 - James Walsh
  • 1563 - Henry Wise
  • 1564 - Peter Walsh
  • 1565 - John Neal
  • 1566 - Peter Alyward
  • 1567 - Patrick Dobbin
  • 1568 - Nicholas Alyward
  • 1569 - Peter Walsh
  • 1570 - Phillip Cummerford
  • 1571 - George Wise
  • 1572 - John Maden
  • 1573 - John Maden
  • 1574 - James Walsh
  • 1575 - James Butler
  • 1576 - Peter Sherlock
  • 1577 - Peter Alyward
  • 1578 - Sir Patrick Walsh
  • 1579 - Patrick Dobbin
  • 1580 - James Sherlock
  • 1581 - Richard Strong
  • 1582 - Nicholas Lee
  • 1583 - James Maden
  • 1584 - John Leonard
  • 1585 - Nicholas Cummerford
  • 1586 - James Wise
  • 1592 - Nicholas Aylward
  • 1593 - Patrick Morgan
  • 1594 - Paul Sherlock
  • 1595 - James White.
  • 1596 - Thomas Wadding
  • 1597 - Paul Strong
  • 1598 - Thomas White
  • 1599 - Richard Madan

1600-1699

  • 1600 - Sir Edward Gough
  • 1601 - Robert Walsh
  • 1602 - Robert Walsh
  • 1603 - James Lombard
  • 1604 - Richard Madan
  • 1605 - Thomas Wise
  • 1606 - John Sherlock
  • 1607 - Thomas Strong
  • 1608 - Stephen Leonard
  • 1609 - Stephen Leonard
  • 1610 - James Levett[9]
  • 1611 - Richard Wadding
  • 1612 - Michael Browne
  • 1613 - Robert Walsh
  • 1614 - Walter Sherlock
  • 1615 - Nicholas White
  • 1616 - John Joy
  • 1617 - Alexander Brien
  • From 1617 to 1626, inclusive, there was no settled form of government in the city, owing to the refusal of the Roman Catholic Mayors to take the Oath of Supremacy.
  • 1626 - James Woodlock
  • 1627 - Sir Peter Aylward
  • 1628 - John Sherlock
  • 1629 - William Dobbin
  • 1630 - Robert Wise
  • 1631 - James Walsh
  • 1632 - Sir Thomas Sherlock
  • 1633 - Sir Thomas Gough
  • 1634 - Richard Strong
  • 1655 - John Skiddy
  • 1636 - Richard Butler
  • 1637 - James White
  • 1638 - Nicholas Wise
  • 1639 - Robert Lumbard
  • 1640 - Mathew Grant
  • 1641 - Francis Briver
  • 1642 - Thomas White
  • 1643 - Redmond Gerald
  • 1644 - Luke White
  • 1645 - Garret Lincolne
  • 1646 - Paul Wadding
  • 1647 - John Bluet
  • 1648 - Sir John Walsh
  • 1649 - John Levett[10]
  • 1650 - John Aylward
  • 1651 - From 1650 to 1658 the City was governed by Commissioners appointed by Oliver Cromwell.
  • 1656 - George Cawdron
  • 1657 - Tbomas Watts
  • 1658 - Andrew Richard
  • L659 - John Houghton
  • 1660 - Sir Thomas Dancer
  • 1661 - William Halsey
  • 1662 - William Bolton
  • 1663 - John Eyeres
  • 1664 - Thomas Christmas
  • 1665 - George Deyos
  • 1666 - Andrew Richard
  • 1667 - Thomas Exton
  • 1668 - JohnHeavens
  • 1669 - John Heavens
  • 1670 - William Hurst
  • 1671 - Thomas Bolton
  • 1672 - Henry Aland
  • 1673 - Thomas Coote
  • 1674 - Joseph Ivie
  • 1675 - Michael Head
  • 1676 - Henry Seagar
  • 1677 - William Cooper
  • 1678 - William Denis
  • 1679 - Richard Seay
  • 1680 - Zachary Clayton
  • 1681 - William Fuller
  • 1682 - Richard Maybank
  • 1683 - William Fuller
  • 1684 - Michael Head
  • 1685 - William Godrick
  • 1685 - William Godrick
  • 1687 - Richard Fitzgerald
  • 1688 - Richard Fitzgerald
  • 1689 - Richard Fitzgerald
  • 1690 - David Lloyde
  • 1691 - Thomas Wise and David Lloyde
  • 1692 - Nicholas Porter
  • 1693 - Francis Barker
  • 1694 - Joseph Hopkins
  • 1695 - Richard Christmas
  • 1696 - John Mason
  • 1697 - Sir John Mason
  • 1698 - William Smith
  • 1699 - Thomas Smith

1700-1799

  • 1700 - John Head
  • 1701 - Theodore Jones
  • 1702 - William Weekes
  • 1703 - John Lambe and John Japp
  • 1704 - William Jones
  • 1705 - David Lewis
  • 1706 - James Eccles
  • 1707 - James Eccies and David Lewis
  • 1708 - David Lewis
  • 1709 - Sir John Mason
  • 1710 - David Lewis
  • 1711 - David Lewis
  • 1712 - John Mason
  • 1713 - Francis Barker
  • 1714 - Samuel Austin
  • 1715 - Thomas Christmas
  • 1716 - William Jones
  • 1717 - Thomas Aikenhead
  • 1718 - Thomas Aikenhead
  • 1719 - Benjamin Morris
  • 1720 - John Moore
  • 1721 - Thomas Aikenhead
  • 1722 - John Morris
  • 1723 - Joseph Ivie
  • 1724 - Wuham Alcock
  • 1725 - Thomas Christmas
  • 1726 - Simon Vashon
  • 1727 - Simon Newport
  • 1728 - Edward Weekes
  • 1729 - Joseph Ivie
  • 1730 - Henry Mason
  • 1731 - Richard Weekes
  • 1732 - John Moore
  • 1733 - William Barker
  • 1734 - Henry Mason
  • 1735 - William Morgan
  • 1736 - Ambrose Congreve
  • 1737 - Samuel Barker
  • 1738 - Simon Vashon, jun.
  • 1739 - Simon Vashon, jun.
  • 1740 - Robert West
  • 1741 - Samuel Barker
  • 1742 - Robert Glen
  • 1743 - Cornelius Bolton
  • 1744 - Beverley Usher
  • 1745 - William Ecles
  • 1746 - Christmas Paul
  • 1747 - Francis Barker
  • 1748 - Thomas Christmas and Robert Glen
  • 1749 - William Paul
  • 1750 - William Paul
  • 1751 - William Paul and George Bakas
  • 1752 - Samuel Barker
  • 1753 - William Alcock
  • 1754 - William Morgan
  • 1755 - Thomas Myles
  • 1756 - Simon Newport
  • 1757 - Henry Alcock
  • 1758 - Thomas West
  • 1759 - Benjamin Morris
  • 1760 - Michael Hobbs
  • 1761 - Michael Hobbs and Cornelius Bolton
  • 1762 - Thomas Myles
  • 1763 - George Wilkinson
  • 1764 - William Alcock
  • 1765 - John Lyon
  • 1766 - Henry Alcock
  • 1767 - William Price
  • 1768 - William Alcock
  • 1769 - Bolton Lee
  • 1770 - Benjamin Morris
  • 1771 - Francis Barker
  • 1772 - William Bates
  • 1773 - William Hobbs
  • 1774 - John Lander
  • 1775 - James Henry Reynett
  • 1776 - James Henry Reynett
  • 1777 - Henry Alcock, jun.
  • 1778 - Simon Newport
  • 1779 - Samuel Morgan
  • 1750 - William Paul
  • 1781 - William Alcock
  • 1782 - Simon John Newport
  • 1783 - James Moore
  • 1784 - William Newport
  • 1785 - John Alcock
  • 1786 - Samuel King
  • 1787 - Benjamin Morris
  • 1788 - William Weekes
  • 1789 - Thomas Alcock
  • 1790 - John Ramsay
  • 1791 - Thomas Price
  • 1792 - Sir Simon Newport
  • 1793 - Thomas Price and James Moore
  • 1794 - Edmond Stevenson
  • 1795 - Benjamin Morris, jun.
  • 1796 - Simon Newport
  • 1797 - James Sempill
  • 1798 - Samuel Boyce
  • 1799 - James Sempill

1800-1891

  • 1800 - Samuel King
  • 1801 - Samuel Morgan
  • 1802 - James Henry Reynett
  • 1803 - Henry Alcock
  • 1804 - James Henry Reynett
  • 1805 - James Moore
  • 1806 - Robert Lyon
  • 1807 - William Alcock
  • 1808 - Robert Lyon
  • 1809 - John Burchall
  • 1810 - Cornelius Bolton
  • 1811 - John Denis
  • 1812 - James Henry Reynett
  • 1818 - Henry Sergeant
  • 1814 - Robert Lyon
  • 1815 - Harry Alcock
  • 1816 - Cornelius Bolton
  • 1817 - Samuel Morgan
  • 1818 - Sir John Newport
  • 1819 - James Hackett
  • 1820 - Samuel King
  • 1821 - William Murphy
  • 1822 - Edward Weeks
  • 1823 - James Hackett
  • 1824 - Sir Simon Newport
  • 1825 - John Snow
  • 1825 - Edward Villiers Briscoe, mayor elect, having died 10 September; Alderman Snow held the rod until 20th Nov. (Ald. Snow died 22nd Nov. 1826), when, by mandamus from the King's Bench, the Common Council elected and swore in Henry Holdsworth Hunt, who died 25 June 1827, and was succeeded by Henry Alcock.
  • 1827 - Thomas Carew
  • 1828 - William Weekes
  • 1829 - Michael Evelyn
  • 1830 - Edmond Skottowe
  • 1881 - Henry Alcock
  • 1832 - Adam Rogers
  • 1833 - William Hobbs
  • 1834 - Thomas McCheane
  • 1535 - Alexander Mann Alcock
  • 1836 - John Harris
  • 1837 - Matthew Poole
  • 1838 - William M. Ardagh
  • 1839 - Edward Hobson
  • 1840 - Simon Newport
  • 1841 - Thomas L. Mackesy, Municipal Reform Act came into operation 7 November 1841.
  • 1842 - Thomas L. Mackesy
  • 1843 - Thomas Meagher
  • 1844 - Thomas Meagher
  • 1845 - Sir B. Morris
  • 1846 - Sir B. Norris Wall
  • 1847 - Owen Carroll
  • 1848 - Silvester Phelan
  • 1849 - James Kent
  • 1850 - Richard Cooke
  • 1851 - John Power
  • 1852 – Michael Dobbyn
  • 1853 - Thomas F. Strange
  • 1854 - Henry Denny
  • 1855 - John Aloysius Blake
  • 1856 - John Aloysius Blake
  • 1857 - John Aloysius Blake
  • 1858 - John Everard Feehan
  • 1859 - John Mackesy
  • 1860 - Thomas Murphy
  • 1861 - Pierse Cox
  • 1862 - William Johnson
  • 1863 - Andrew Ryan
  • 1864 - John Lawler
  • 1865 - John Lawler
  • 1866 - P. K. Reid
  • 1867 - Sir B. Morris, knt.
  • 1868 - Patrick Anthony Power
  • 1869 - Cornelius Redmond
  • 1870 - Thomas Wilson
  • 1871 - Henry Francis Slattery
  • 1872 - James F. Scott
  • 1873 - St. George Freeman
  • 1874 - William Kent Cummins
  • 1875 - John Thomas Ryan
  • 1876 - John Thomas Ryan
  • 1877 - Thomas Purcell
  • 1878 - Patrick Manning
  • 1879 - George I. Mackesy
  • 1880 - Laurence A. Ryan
  • 1881 - Laurence A. Ryan
  • 1882 - Laurence A. Ryan
  • 1883 - William Kelly
  • 1884 - John Allingham
  • 1885 - John Allingham
  • 1886 - Richard Power
  • 1887 - Richard Power
  • 1888 - Thomas Toole
  • 1889 - Thomas Toole
  • 1890 - Thomas Toole
  • 1891 - John Manning
  • 1892 - John Manning
  • 1893 - John Manning
  • 1894 - Anthony Cadogan
  • 1895 - William J. Smith
  • 1896 - William J. Smith
  • 1897 - James Knox
  • 1898 - Henry Grainger
  • 1899 - Laurence C. Strange

1900-1999

1900 Alexander Nelson
1901 Richard Hearne
1902 Richard Hearne
1903 Sir James A. Power
1904 James A. Power
1905 Sir James A. Power
1906 Maurice Quinlan
1907 Maurice Quinlan
1908 Thomas White
1909 Thomas White
1910 James Hackett
1911 James Hackett
1912 Michael Kirwan
1913 Richard Power
1914 Richard Power
1915 Richard Power
1916 John J. O'Sullivan
1917 John J. O'Sullivan
1918 David MacDonald
1919 David MacDonald
1920 Vincent J. White
1921 Vincent J. White
1922 Vincent J. White
1923 Vincent J. White
1924 Vincent J. White
1925-1926A Vincent J. White
1925-1926B Richard Keane
1926 John J. Wyley
1927 John J. Wyley
1928 Edward Walsh
1929 Edward Walsh
1930 William Jones
1931 William Jones
1932 Matthew Cassin
1933 Matthew Cassin
1934 Edward Dawson
1935 James Aylward
1936 James Aylward
1937 James Aylward
1938 James Aylward
1939 James Aylward
1940 James Aylward
1941 Thomas Dunne
1942 Paul Caulfield
1943 William Jones
1944 Bryan Cunningham
1945 William Kenneally
1946 Michael Coffey
1947 John F. Gloster
1948 Thaddeus Lynch
1949 James Croke
1950 James Aylward
1951 Thaddeus Lynch
1952 Martin Cullen
1953 Patrick Browne
1954 Patrick Browne
1955 Thomas Gallagher
1956 Thomas Gallagher
1957 Denis J. Fitzpatrick
1958 Denis J. Fitzpatrick
1959 Richard Jones
1960 James Power
1961 John Griffin
1962 John Griffin
1963 Thomas Brennan
1964 Patrick Browne
1965 Patrick Browne
1966 Patrick Browne
1967 Thomas Cullen
1968 William Jones
1969 William Jones
1970 Maurice Downey
1971 Timothy Galvin
1972 James Quinlan
1973 Thomas Brennan
1974 Joseph Cummins
1975 Edward A. Collins
1976 William Kenneally
1977 Timothy Gavin
1978 Patrick Power
1979 Stephen Rogers
1980 Thomas Brennan
1981 Thomas Browne
1982 Joseph Cummins
1983 Richard Jones
1984 William Kenneally
1985 Liam Curham
1986 Brian Swift
1987 David Daniels
1988 Brendan Kenneally
1989 Patrick Power
1990 Liam Curham
1991 Hilary Quinlan
1992 Thomas Browne
1993 Martin Cullen
1994 Stephen Rogers
1995 Maurice Cummins

1999-Present

  • 1999 - Brian Swift
  • 2000 - Davy Daniels
  • 2001 - Hilary Quinlan
  • 2002 - Oliver Clery
  • 2003 - Tom Cunningham
  • 2004 - Seamus Ryan
  • 2005 - Davy Daniels
  • 2006 - L. "Cha" O'Neill
  • 2007 - Mary O'Halloran
  • 2008 - Jack Walsh
  • 2009 - John Halligan

References

  1. ^ Waterford County Museum - Lewis's Topographical Dictionary
  2. ^ Ireland (Hibernia) Early Medieval Period: 400 - 1200 A.D.
  3. ^ The Kings of the Isle of Man
  4. ^ Discover Waterford, by Eamon McEneaney (2001). (ISBN 0-86278-656-8)
  5. ^ A History of Waterford and its Mayors from the 12th to the 20th Century, ed. Eamonn McEneaney, Waterford Corporation (1995)
  6. ^ P.M. Egan's History of Waterford: Early Waterford History
  7. ^ P.M. Egan's History of Waterford: Mayors of Waterford City
  8. ^ Google cache: Tripod Waterford History Site (Need better reference.)
  9. ^ The Ancient and Present State of the County and City of Wateford, Charles Smith, Mercier Press, 1746
  10. ^ Letter from John Lyvett, Mayor of Waterford, to Oliver Cromwell, The Works of Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Carlyle, 1897

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