University of Minnesota Duluth

University of Minnesota Duluth
University of Minnesota Duluth
UMDLogo.gif
Motto A great university on a great lake
Established As a normal school: 1902
As a university: 1947
Type Public
Chancellor Lendley C. Black
Undergraduates 9,659[1]
Postgraduates 2,070[2]
Location Duluth, Minnesota, United States
Campus Urban - 244 acres (99 ha)
Former names Duluth Normal School (1902 - 1921)
Duluth State Teachers College (1921 - 1947)
Colors Maroon and Gold             
Athletics Men's: 6 varsity teams
Women's: 8 varsity teams
Website: UMD Bulldogs
Nickname Bulldogs
Mascot ChampChamp
Website http://www.d.umn.edu

The University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) is a regional branch of the University of Minnesota system located in Duluth, Minnesota, USA.[3] As Duluth's public research university, UMD offers 13 bachelor's degrees in 74 majors, graduate programs in 24 different fields, a two-year program at the School of Medicine, a four-year College of Pharmacy program, and a Doctor of Education program.[4]

The chief executive officer of UMD is Chancellor Dr. Lendley C. Black. Black began his tenure on August 1, 2010. The previous chancellor, Kathryn A. Martin, served from 1995-2010.[5]

Contents

History

Although the University of Minnesota Duluth didn’t officially make its appearance until 1947, plans for a strong college in the Duluth area were made in the 1890s.[6] The state legislature planned for a teaching school for women (then referred to as a normal school)[7] and in 1895 they announced the formation of the Duluth Normal School.[8][9] In 1896, the City of Duluth donated 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land to serve as a foundation for the Duluth Normal School, and the state legislature donated additional funds for the construction costs for the main building, which was built in 1900. In February 1901, a fire caused extensive damage to the school and the following year, the school was rebuilt.[10]

In April 1901, Eugene W. Bohannon[11] was appointed president of the Duluth Normal School. In 1902, women came to the school to be trained for a degree in education. By 1903, the first seven women received their diplomas from Duluth Normal School. In 1906, the first dormitories were opened, costing the school around $35,000 to build. Room and board were offered at cost, between fourteen and fifteen dollars a month.[12] Throughout the next few years, more dormitories, two new wings, and an auditorium were added to the school. Requirements, such as having a high school diploma, were instituted. Students who signed a pledge to teach after graduation attended for free; others were required to pay $30 per year.[13]

The 1906 Bulletin of the State Normal School describes the school at that time:

The building is thoroughly modern in construction and equipment. It is located in one of the most attractive parts of the city, overlooking the waters of Lake Superior from a height of more than three hundred feet. The laboratories are large and well arranged. The furniture and apparatus are new and excellent in every way. The present equipment of the several laboratories represents an expenditure of not less than $7,500, and is entirely adequate for the needs of the school. A large and well-lighted room has been equipped for manual training. It is supplied with twenty benches of the most approved make and all of the necessary tools and instruments.

Enrollment for 1903 was 127 and by 1906 it had increased to 202.[14] A Model School with kindergarten through grade eight was maintained for "practice teaching". The 1906 bulletin reports, "At the opening of the school four years ago it was somewhat doubtful whether the number of children to attend would be sufficient to constitute a model school in any proper sense. Only three teachers were needed to take charge of the pupils at that time, while five are required now and the number of children seeking admission is greatly in excess of the limit fixed for the several grades.[15]

In 1921, the Duluth Normal School was renamed to the Duluth State Teachers College[16] or DSTC.[17] The change in status allowed bachelor’s degrees and four-year degree programs to be added to the school. In 1929 the school became co-ed, and the first sports teams were instituted, including hockey, football, and basketball. By 1937, the community supported a change from DSTC to a branch campus of the University of Minnesota. In 1947 the DSTC[18] became part of the University of Minnesota system[19] and was again renamed, this time to the University of Minnesota Duluth, or UMD.[20]

Campus

Kirby Plaza at UMD
The UMD Library

The UMD campus consists of more than 50 buildings on 244 acres (99 ha) overlooking Lake Superior.[21] Most UMD buildings are connected by concourses or hallways.[22][23] UMD is also home to the Tweed Museum of Art, the Marshall W. Alworth Planetarium, Weber Music Hall, and the Marshall Performing Arts Center. Other UMD facilities include Glensheen Historic Estate,[24][25][26] Chester Park School which houses Minnesota Sea Grant and the Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic, the Natural Resources Research Institute, the Research and Field Studies Center, and the Lower Campus which houses the Large Lakes Observatory.[27]

UMD has substantially expanded its facilities beginning in 2000 with the completion of a new library. Additional recent buildings include the Weber Music Hall (2002), Kirby Plaza (2004), James I. Swenson Science Building (2005), Sports and Health Center addition (2006), Life Science Renovation (2006), Labovitz School of Business & Economics (2008), Bagley Environmental Classroom (2009), and the Civil Engineering Building (2010).[28]

New art on campus came along with the construction of the new buildings. All new public building projects in Minnesota must comply with the state's “One Percent for Art” law, passed by the State Legislature in 1984, which mandates that all such projects in Minnesota costing over $500,000 must devote at least 1% of their total construction budget towards incorporating public art into these building's public spaces. A little over 1% of the library's $28 million construction costs went toward the purchase and installation of a glass sculpture by Dale Chihuly that hangs from the ceiling of the two-story library lobby. An 89-foot (27 m) outdoor sculpture adjacent to the Swenson Science Building makes reference to elements of Duluth's surrounding native American Ojibwe culture. The sculpture, "Wild Ricing Moon," was designed by John David Mooney[29]and represents the traditional wild rice harvest.[30]

School of Medicine

The colleges and schools at the University of Minnesota Duluth are:

  • College of Liberal Arts
  • Swenson College of Science and Engineering
  • School of Fine Arts
  • Labovitz School of Business and Economics
  • College of Education & Human Service Professions
  • Graduate School
  • Medical School[31]
  • College of Pharmacy

Buildings

Weber Music Hall
Darland Administration Building

Weber Music Hall

The Weber Music Hall, built in 2002 and designed by architect César Pelli, is considered the "gem" of UMD. The hall has state-of-the-art acoustics and can seat 350 people.[32]

Tweed Museum of Art

The Tweed Museum of Art's history began in the 1920s when George and Alice Tweed first began collecting pieces of 19th and 20th American and European art[33] including examples of the French Barbizon School[34] and Impressionist influenced American Landscape painting.[35] After the death of Mr. Tweed in 1946, Mrs. Tweed saw the potential of the Tweed collection as a resource for the community.[36][37] She generously developed the funding for the present building which was dedicated in 1958. Today the museum holds over 7,000 works of art.[38] The collection features artists including David Ericson,[39][40] Gilbert Munger,[41] Eastman Johnson, William Hart, John Twachtman, Homer Dodge Martin, and Childe Hassam. The Hudson River Valley School collection, the Potlatch Company Royal Canadian Mounted Police painting collection,[42] the Glenn C. Nelson pottery collection[43] and an extensive American Indian artifacts and artworks[44] collection are especially noteworthy. Besides the museum's permanent collection the Tweed hosts exhibitions that feature both international and local artists.[45]

Marshall Performing Arts Center

Marshall Performing Arts Center was built in the 1970s and is a 715-seat flexible thrust/proscenium theatre presenting an array of theatre and dance events. It was named after the parents of Julia and Caroline Marshall and Jessica Marshall Spencer (Albert and Julia N. Marshall) who were donors to the university. The Dudley Experimental Theatre (a black-box theatre within MPAC) was named for another donor, Marjorie Congdon Dudley.[46]

Marshall W. Alworth Planetarium

The construction of the Marshall W. Alworth Planetarium was supported by Marshall W. Alworth. Alworth grew up in Duluth and attended Duluth Central High School and later Dartmouth College. He also donated funds towards scholarships which today are valued at over $35 million.[47]

The Marshall W. Alworth Planetarium has a 30 ft (9.1 m) dome and a Spitz A3P star machine. The planetarium can seat up to 70 people and projects approximately 1500 stars. The planetarium holds a historical telescope that once belonged to John H. Darling.

Centers, Institutes, and Research Labs

Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER)[48]: Conducts economic and business research, providing unbiased data and analysis concerning the economic viability of building, expanding or relocating businesses in the region.

Center for Community and Regional Research[49]: Community-based education providing faculty and students in the social and natural sciences the opportunity to work with local and regional community organizations.

Center for Economic Development[50]: A consulting program with one-on-one services for business start-ups and existing businesses focusing on feasibility studies, market research, surveys, business plan development, loan packaging, operational assistance, procurement assistance, manufacturing, management, compliance (EPA, OSHA, Revenue and Tax), problem solving, and information technology.

Center for Genocide, Holocaust, and Human Rights Studies[51]: The Center engages students, staff and the wider public by offering a lecture series and workshops.

Center for Regional and Tribal Child Welfare Studies[52]: Advances the well-being of children by strengthening families and communities through social work education, research, and outreach in the region.

Center for Water and Environment[53]: Committed to understanding problems and developing tools for solving problems that impede environmentally sound development of the economy.

Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute (GLMRI)[54]: GLMRI is dedicated to developing and improving economically and environmentally sustainable maritime commerce by researching marine transportation, logistics, economics, engineering, environmental planning, and port management.

Large Lakes Observatory (LLO)[55]: As the only institute in the country dedicated to the study of large lakes throughout the world, LLO focuses on the global implications of aquatic chemistry, circulation dynamics, geochemistry, acoustic remote sensing, plankton dynamics, sedimentology, and paleoclimatology.

Minnesota Sea Grant Program[56]: Facilitates interaction between university scientists and the public. Scientists work to enhance the communities, the environment and the economies along Lake Superior and Minnesota's inland waters.

Natural Resource Research Institute[57]: The institute helps launch promising small businesses and provides ongoing research and development assistance, especially in the areas of forest products, and taconite ore mining. Environmental program areas include: water resources, land resources, land-water interactions, and environmental chemistry.

The Northland Advanced Transportation Systems Research Laboratory[58]: Develops innovative technologies for safe, productive, and sustainable transportation systems in northern areas.

Royal D. Alworth Institute for International Studies[59]: The Institute aims to engage students, staff and the wider public with open discussion for educational, social and democratic purposes by introducing a wide range of international issues that have domestic implications.

Visualization and Digital Imaging Lab[60]: A multi-disciplinary lab that focuses on the integration of information and emerging visual technologies and the distribution of knowledge to the public.

Academics

The University of Minnesota Duluth has 13 bachelor's degree programs with 74 majors.[61]

Athletics

See also: Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs
Malosky Stadium

UMD's athletic teams were named the Bulldogs in 1933.[62] Their colors are maroon and gold. The school competes at the NCAA Division II level in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC) in all sports except ice hockey. Both the men's and women's hockey programs compete in the Division I Western Collegiate Hockey Association.

On 13 December 2008, the undefeated Bulldogs won the NCAA Division II National Football Championship -- the first Division II championship in any sport at the school.[63] On December 18, 2010, the Bulldogs won their second NCAA Division II National Football Championship in a 3 year span, and their second in school history beating Delta State University.

On April 9, 2011, the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey team defeated the University of Michigan 3-2 in overtime for the NCAA Division I men's hockey national title, their first. The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey team has won five NCAA Division I national titles (2001, 2002, 2003, 2008 and 2010.)

Facilities

UMD's Football, Soccer and Track and Field teams compete at Griggs Field in James S. Malosky Stadium. Hockey is played off campus at Amsoil Arena in the DECC. Basketball and Volleyball teams play in Romano Gymnasium on campus. Baseball is played in Bulldog Park and softball is played in Junction Avenue Field

Student Life

Greek life

There are several Greek organizations that UMD students can join, ranging from local to national, service and social. Sororities include Gamma Sigma Sigma, Beta Lambda Psi, Phi Sigma Sigma, and Kappa Beta Gamma. Fraternities include Phi Kappa Psi, Alpha Phi Omega, Tau Kappa Epsilon, and Alpha Nu Omega (this is a local fraternity and is not to be confused with the Alpha Nu Omega, a National Christian Fraternity and Sorority). Students must be an active member of a fraternity or sorority in good standing before serving on Greek Council. The organizations have recently made a great comeback in enrollment since falling off in the 1990s. Greek Life has strong involvement in both the university and community doing events such as Phi Kappa Psi's Charity Poker Tournament or Phi Sigma Sigma's Dance marathon. The UMD Greek system is run like a senate body where all organizations are represented by two delegates. Although the council had financial disagreements involving the membership fee which lead to the departure of Alpha Phi Omega in the fall of 2009, they have since rejoined.[64][65]

Recreational Sports Outdoor Program

Intramurals
Soccer, Softball, Volleyball, Flag Football, Ultimate Frisbee, Bowling, Inner Tube Water Polo, Golf, Table Tennis, Broomball, Hockey (4 on 4), Basketball (Co-Rec., 3 on 3), Curling, Volleyball (4 on 4)

Sports Clubs
There are many UMD organized sports clubs that both men and women may join together. Some of the clubs include: Alpine Skiing, Badminton, Dance Team, Synchronized Skating, snowboard, Dodgeball, Martial Arts, Rowing, and Table Tennis. Men's clubs include: Lacrosse, Wrestling, Hockey, Rugby Football, Soccer. Women's clubs include: Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Rugby.

Outdoor Clubs
Rod & Gun Club, Bike Club, Kayak & Canoe Club, North Shore Climbers, Outdoor Educators Club, and Wuda Wooch!

Outdoor Trips/Events/Races
Examples of past trips include: Paddling the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Climbing the Devil’s Tower National Monument in Wyoming, backpacking the Porcupine Mountains in Michigan. Events and races on campus in UMD's Bagley Nature Area have included the Rock Hill Adventure where participants run, canoe or kayak and the Homecoming 5K Trail Run.

Fitness
There are a variety of group fitness programs at UMD. These programs are open to students, faculty, staff, and community members. Fitness passes grant entry to classes including; Butts & Gutts, Cardio Mix, Circuit City, Hip Hop, Kardio Kick, Pilates, Piloga, Pump & Tone, Power Yoga, Spin & Core, Step, Step & Sculp, Vinyasa Yoga, and Yoga Inspired Stretch. Massage therapy, personal training, tri teams, and kinesis are also available at UMD.

Notable alumni

Military

Politics

Engineering

  • Amit Singhal - Google Fellow and current head of Google's Core Ranking team

Business

Men's Hockey

Women's Hockey

Other Sports

Arts

Notable Donations

James Swenson

The Swenson Science Building lobby at UMD.

James Swenson, a University of Minnesota Duluth Alumnus, has donated more than $21 million to the school, with his most recent donation of $10.7 million toward the College of Science and Engineering. $3 million of this was dedicated to the new civil engineering building and the remaining $7.7 million was given as scholarships for students in science and research programs. This donation helps to continue to support the scholarship programs the Swenson family started in 1994. Since the program began, UMD has awarded scholarships to over 200 students.[80] Because of his generous donations over the years, the school renamed the College of Science and Engineering to be the Swenson College of Science and Engineering. “It’s nice to have our names on buildings, but there’s a lot of gratification in helping these young people,” said Swenson. The Swensons are natives of northern Superior, Wisc. and have since relocated to California. James completed his bachelor’s degree in chemistry in 1959 at UMD. He then worked in the computer industry with his circuit shop Details Inc., which he sold in 1997.[81]

Joel Labovitz

Joel Labovitz is founder of Labovitz Enterprises, a diversified investment firm based in Duluth with a focus on the hospitality industry. Previously, Joel Labovitz was President and CEO of Maurices, the retail clothing company that was founded in 1931 in Duluth by his father, Maurice Labovitz.[82]

References

  1. ^ http://www.d.umn.edu/facts/
  2. ^ http://www.d.umn.edu/facts/
  3. ^ The State We’re in: Reflections on Minnesota History. Atkins, Annette and Miller, Deborah L. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 2010
  4. ^ The Will and the Way, published by Manley Goldfine and Donn Larson, 2004, chapter 30 by Mike Lalich.
  5. ^ UMD Comes of Age: The First 100 Years, by Ken Moran and Neil Storch, 1996
  6. ^ Duluth:300 Years, Sieur duLhut Tricentennial Committee, Duluth. 1979.
  7. ^ http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/normal.html
  8. ^ Zenith: A Postcard Perspective of Historic Duluth. Dierckins, Tony. X-Communication, Duluth, Minnesota. 2006.
  9. ^ Duluth: Then and Now, Duluth News Tribune, Duluth. 2005
  10. ^ Duluth’s Legacy Volume 1: Architecture. Scott, James Allen. The City of Duluth and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Duluth, Minnesota. 1974.
  11. ^ Duluth Sketches of the Past: A Bicentennial Collection. Northprint Co. U.S.A. 1976.
  12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ihMTAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  13. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ihMTAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  14. ^ A Chronology of UMD Events, 1895-1984. Hoshal, Julian. Duluth. 1985.
  15. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/bulletinstateno00dulgoog/bulletinstateno00dulgoog_djvu.txt
  16. ^ Images of America: Duluth, Minnesota. Aubut, Sheldon T. and Norton, Maryanne C., Arcadia Publishing, Chicago, Illinois. 2001.
  17. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=t2IVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Bulletin+of+the+State+Normal+School,+Duluth,+Minnesota&hl=en&ei=bNT0TdD_GMf1gAf1x5G3Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Bulletin%20of%20the%20State%20Normal%20School%2C%20Duluth%2C%20Minnesota&f=false
  18. ^ Landmark Structures of Duluth: Their History and Architecture. Sommer, Lawrence J. 1971.
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  20. ^ Duluth: An Illustrated History of the Zenith City. Sandvik, Glenn N. Windsor, Publications, Woodland Hills, California. 1983.
  21. ^ A Construction History: University of Minnesota Duluth by Robert W. Bridges, UMD. Duluth. 1986.
  22. ^ UMD Campus Master Plan. Duluth, Minnesota: University of Minnesota. 1995.
  23. ^ University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus Master Plan Update. Duluth, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2000.
  24. ^ America’s Castles. The University Estates: Chinqua-Penn, Glensheen & Cupples House. New York: A & E Home Video. 1997.
  25. ^ Landmark Structures of Duluth: Their History and Architecture. Sommer, Lawrence J. 1971.
  26. ^ A Lake Superior Lawyer: A Biography of Chester Adgate Congdon, by Roy O. Hoover. Superior Partners, Duluth. 1997.
  27. ^ The Will and the Way, published by Manley Goldfine and Donn Larson, 2004, chapter 30 by Mike Lalich.
  28. ^ 2000-2010: A decade of building excellence at the University of Minnesota Duluth, UMD, Duluth. 2010.
  29. ^ The Vatican Observatory and the Arts: The Sculpture of John David Mooney at Castel Gandolfo, University of Notre Dame Press. 2000
  30. ^ http://www.d.umn.edu/unirel/homepage/05/wildricemoon.html
  31. ^ Duluth: An Illustrated History of the Zenith City. Sandvik, Glenn N. Windsor Publications, Woodland Hills, California. 1983.
  32. ^ 2000-2010: A decade of building excellence at the University of Minnesota Duluth, UMD, Duluth. 2010.
  33. ^ European Painting from the Tweed Museum of Art by David Stark, Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000
  34. ^ Tweed Museum of Art: 50 Years Artwork by Kenneth FitzGerald, Zuzana Licko, Martin DeWitt, and Peter Spooner. Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000
  35. ^ American Painting at the Tweed Museum of Art and Glensheen. by J. Gray Sweeney, Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1982
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  37. ^ UMD Comes of Age: The First 100 Years, by Ken Moran and Neil Storch, 1996
  38. ^ Duluth's Legacy: Architecture by James Allen Scott; John R Ulven; Robert T Calton; Dept. of Research, City of Duluth, 1974
  39. ^ David Ericson Always Returning: The Life and Work of a Duluth Cultural Icon, Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2005
  40. ^ Forgotten Duluthians. Ouse, David. Duluth, Minnesota: X-presso books. 2010.
  41. ^ Gilbert Munger: Quest for Distinction by Michael D. Schroeder and J. Gray Sweeney, Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2003
  42. ^ Looking North: Royal Canadian Mounted Police: The Potlatch Collection, by Karal Ann Marling, Afton Historical Society Press, 2003
  43. ^ Glenn C. Nelson: A Tribute Exhibition. by various authors. Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1992
  44. ^ Shared Passion: The Richard E. and Dorothy Rawlings Nelson Collection of American Indian Art, by Martin DeWitt and others, Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001
  45. ^ Cheng-Khee Chee Retirement Party: Held at the Tweed Museum of Art on the UMD Campus, May 4th, 1994.
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  47. ^ A Construction History: University of Minnesota Duluth by Robert W. Bridges, UMD. Duluth. 1986.
  48. ^ Labovitz School of Business and Economics: Bureau of Business and Economic Research. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  49. ^ Center For Community and Regional Research. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  50. ^ Center for Economic Development. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  51. ^ Center for Genocide, Holocaust, & Human Rights Studies. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  52. ^ Center for Regional and Tribal Child Welfare Studies. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  53. ^ Center for Water and the Environment. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  54. ^ Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  55. ^ Large Lakes Observatory. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  56. ^ Minnesota Sea Grant. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  57. ^ Natural Resources Research Institute. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  58. ^ Northland Advanced Transportation Systems Research Laboratory. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  59. ^ Royal D. Alworth, Jr. Institute for International Studies. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  60. ^ Visualization and Digital Imaging Lab. Retrieved July 13, 2011
  61. ^ http://www.d.umn.edu/facts/
  62. ^ [UMD Comes of Age: The First 100 Years, by Ken Moran and Neil Storch, 1996]
  63. ^ University of Minnesota-Duluth Wins Its First-Ever Division II Championship - ncaafootball.fanhouse.com - December 13, 2008
  64. ^ http://www.greekedout.org/
  65. ^ https://vcassl.d.umn.edu/kirby/
  66. ^ Living Large: A Big Man's Ideas on Weight, Success, and Acceptance, Berman, Michael. Rodale, 2006
  67. ^ The Work and Ethics of Lobbyists. Berman, Michael. NPR Archived December 15th, 2010
  68. ^ The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, by Wayne R. Coffey, Random House, 2005.
  69. ^ Brett: His Own Story. Hull, Brett. Triumph Books. 2003
  70. ^ Gagnant Du Trophée Hobey Baker: Kip Miller, Jason Krog, Neal Broten, Tony Hrkac, Brian Holzinger, Chris Marinucci, Ryan Miller, Paul Kariya (French Edition) by Livres Groupe. 2010.
  71. ^ The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, by Wayne R. Coffey, Random House, 2005.
  72. ^ Simply Devine: Memoirs of a Hall of Fame Coach, Sports Publishing LLC, 2000
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  74. ^ Chased By The Light by Jim Brandenburg. Northword Press, 1998.
  75. ^ Looking for Summer by Jim Brandenburg. Northword Press, 2003.
  76. ^ American Safari by Jim Brandenburg. Walker & Company, 1996.
  77. ^ To the Top of the World by Jim Brandenburg. Walker & Company, 1993.
  78. ^ Brother World by Jim Brandenburg. Northword Press, 2003.
  79. ^ Forgotten Duluthians. Ouse, David. Duluth, Minnesota: X-presso books. 2010.
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  81. ^ The Will and the Way, published by Manley Goldfine and Donn Larson, 2004, chapter 30 by Mike Lalich.
  82. ^ Living Life Forward: Memoirs of a Lucky Life, by Joel Labovitz. Stewart-Taylor Printing, Duluth, MN, 2006.

External links

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