Khapra beetle

Khapra beetle

Taxobox
name = Khapra beetle


image_width = 200px
image_caption =
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Insecta
ordo = Coleoptera
familia = Dermestidae
genus = "Trogoderma"
species = "T. granarium"
binomial = "Trogoderma granarium"
binomial_authority =The Khapra beetle ("Trogoderma granarium"), which originated in South Asia, is the world’s most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. [http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-khapra.pdf Stibick, J. (2007) "New Pest Response Guidelines: Khapra Beetle"] APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland, p. 1-1] As such, in Australia and New Zealand, any import of grain or dried fruit is subject to quarantine law.fact|date=September 2008

Description of the insect

Adult beetles are brownish and 2-3 millimetres long. Immature larvae are up to 5 mm long and are covered in dense, reddish-brown hair. The eggs of the khapra beetle are cylindrical with one end more rounded and the other more pointed, about .7 mm long and .25 mm broad and weigh abouit .02 mg. Hadaway, A.B. (1956) "The biology of the dermestid beetles "Trogoderma granarium Everts" and "Trogoderma versicolor (Creutz)" "Bulletin of Entomological Research" 46(4): 781-796] The pointy end has a number of spine-like projections. The eggs are initially a milky-white which changes over several hours to a pale-yellowish color.

The khapra beetle can live up to 7 years in the egg stage and then able to hatch and infect.fact|date=September 2008

Extent of global spread

Khapra beetle originated in India and has become established in a number of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Asian and African countries. Presently Thailand is declared free of Khapra Beetle.fact|date=September 2008 The beetle has not been reported in Indonesia.fact|date=September 2008

List of Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin (Peoples Rep), Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Rep., India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic Of (South Korea), Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somali Republic, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire Republic, Zambia, Zimbabwe

It has been accidentally introduced, several times, and subsequently successfully eradicated in the United States at huge cost.fact|date=September 2008

The beetle prefers hot, dry conditions and is often found in grain and food stores, in malthouses, seed processing plants, fodder production plants, dried milk factories, stores of packing materials (used or unused sacks, bags, crates) and kitchen pantries.

Chemical control

Methyl bromide -Khapra beetle rate 80g/m³ for 48 hours at 21°C at Normal Atmospheric Pressure (NAP) with an end point concentration at 48 hours of 20g/m³.fact|date=September 2008 Note: The fumigation must undergo a monitor at 24 hours to ensure a minimum concentration of 24g/m³.

Add 8g/m³ for each 5ºC the temperature is expected to fall below 21ºC to a minimum of 10°C. It is the minimum temperature during the course of the fumigation that is to be used for the calculation of the dose. AQIS does not accept dosage compensation for temperatures above 21°C or below 10°C unless otherwise specified.fact|date=September 2008

Permethrin is also used in some cases.fact|date=September 2008

Notes

References

* Banks, H. J. (1994) "Illustrated identification keys for Trogoderma granarium, T. glabrum, T. inclusum and T. variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and other Trogoderma associated with stored products" Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia, ISBN 0-643-04870-7
* [http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-khapra.pdf Stibick, J. (2007) "New Pest Response Guidelines: Khapra Beetle"] APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland

External links

* [http://www.pestproducts.com/khapra-beetles.htm Khapra beetle at Pestproducts.com]
* [http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/khb/index.html PestTracker Invasive Insect: Khapra beetle] at Center for Environmental and Regulatory Information Systems
* [http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/beetles/khapra_beetle.htm khapra beetle] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site



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