Ruffe

Taxobox
name=Eurasian Ruffe
status=LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3


image_width=200px
image_caption=Eurasian Ruffe ("Gymnocephalus cernuus")
regnum=Animalia
classis=Actinopterygii
ordo=Perciformes
familia=Percidae
genus="Gymnocephalus"
species="G. cernuus"
binomial="Gymnocephalus cernuus"
binomial_authority=Linnaeus, 1758
synonyms="Gymnocephalus cernua"The Eurasian Ruffe ("Gymnocephalus cernuus") is a freshwater fish found in temperate regions of Europe and northern Asia. It has been introduced into the Great Lakes of North America, reportedly with unfortunate results.

Description

The ruffe's colors and markings are similar to those of the walleye, an olive-brown to golden-brown color on its back, paler on the sides with yellowish white undersides. The ruffe is usually 4-6 inches in length and will never exceed 10 inches, but is a very aggressive fish for its size. The ruffe also has a large, spiny dorsal fin likely distasteful to its predators. It also has two fins on top, the front fin has hard and sharp spines, the back fin has soft spines called rays. The most obvious features to recognize a ruffe are the ruffes large, continuous dorsal fin and its slightly downturned mouth.

Diet

In Eurasia, the ruffe's diet mainly consists of zoobenthos: chironomids [M. Tarvainen, K. Vuorio J. Sarvala (May 2008) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01847.x The diet of ruffe "Gymnocephalus cernuus" (L.) in northern lakes: new insights from stable isotope analyses] - Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 72, Issue 7, Page 1720-1735, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01847.x] , small aquatic bugs and larvae, which are all found in the Benthic zone of the water column. As far as researchers have been able to find, it has kept the same diet in its transfer to the Great Lakes. However, because of the aggressive nature of the ruffe, it has also been known to eat whatever it can including the eggs of other fish. This is one of the bigger problems with the ruffe. If and when it does decide to start eating the eggs of other fish and makes it a regular part of its eating habits, there could be a huge decline in the populations of the native species of the Great Lakes. The ruffe uses its spikes as a defense against predators.

Reproduction

The ruffe has the capacity to reproduce at an extremely high rate. A Ruffe usually matures in two to three years, but a ruffe that lives warmer waters has the ability to reproduce in the first year of life. A single female has the potential to lay from 130,000 to 200,000 eggs annually. Ruffe will leave the deep dark water where they prefer and journey to warmer shallow water for spawning. The primary spawning season for the ruffe occurs from the middle of April through approximately June.

Life cycle

Life, for the Eurasian ruffe, starts as an egg. Egg sizes typically range from 0.34 to 1.3 mm in diameter, depending on the size of the female. If the same female has a second batch in the same season, the eggs will be smaller than the first batch. The size of the second batch of eggs is about 0.36 to 0.47 mm, while the first batch of eggs goes from 0.90 to 1.21 mm in size. If the female lays twice in one season, there is usually one in late winter/early spring and one in late summer. Hatching occurs in 5-12 days in temperatures ranging from 10 to 15 degrees Celsius.The next stage in life is the embryonic/juvenile stage. Embryos that are freshly hatched are between 3.5 to 4.4 mm in size. These embryos are sedentary for 3-7 days, and in that time grow to about 4.5 to 5 mm in length. One week after the hatching, the young ruffe start to swim and feed actively, but they do not form schools at this age.

From here, the ruffe gradually mature until they are 2-3 years old, when they reach full maturity. At full length, the adult ruffe is usually around 20 cm, but at a maximum of 29 cm. Growth is usually occurs more when the ruffe is in clear, brackish waters. Generally, female and male ruffe do not live longer than 7 to 11 years.

Effects on the Great Lakes area

The introduction of the ruffe seems to be causing much damage and has become a big inconvenience to Lake Superior. This pesky fish's invasion on the lake has not only caused problems with space, but problems with food supply to other fish as well. The ruffe has similar eating habits, as well as having an accelerated reproduction rate compared to other like fish. Therefore, having more ruffe in the water, leads to less food for other fish. This fish is unique in its ability to adapt in many habitats and temperatures, resulting in its way of life can be maintained with little interference from climate change or other biological changes. Another adaptation that the ruffe has that other fish don't, is this fish has the ability to detect water vibrations through organs called neuromasts. This trait greatly aids the ruffe in finding food as well giving them an edge in avoiding predators. Theses will develop into more advanced and sensitive organs as the fish matures, the perch for example, also has these organs but as the perch matures the neuromasts have an opposite effect, they become weaker. This ruffe has the ability to overtake many other fish species, and consequently damage the Great Lakes ecosystems. If there is no intervention taken by the public the ruffe have the potential to ruin Lake Superior.

Not only has the ruffe become an inconvenience but, it is also the first invasive specie to have been labeled a nuisance by the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Program. Along with it being the most populated fish in the St. Louis river basin it has disrupted ecosystems all across the Great Lakes. The invasion was first noticed in the 1980's by the DNR. They suggest that the fish was introduced to the lake via ballast water that was dumped into the Duluth harbor by anchored freight ships. Ever since the ruffe were detected, studies have not only shown that the ruffe and the yellow perch are closely related but they are quickly becoming rivals. The ruffe and perch are competing in numbers and are also competing for food; this is a match that the ruffe are winning. It shouldn't be too long for the ever so quickly reproducing ruffe to soon phase out any perch that stands in its way. Some researches believe that if a plan isn't thought of soon, this fish could be the only kind left in the Great Lakes area.

Methods of prevention

Ever since the ruffe fish was introduced into the Great Lakes system, scientists and fishery managers have been searching for the right way to get rid of them. In the beginning, the main method of control was to increase the Walleye and Northern Pike populations because they are the natural predators of the ruffe. Even though this really didn't work in the beginning, it is still too early to tell because it takes a couple years for fish to switch to a new food source.

Other methods that have been considered are poison and chemical control. If a large school of ruffe is found, they can be poisoned. If some of them survive, however, the problem will only continue. Chemicals, on the other hand, can be specifically made to only harm a certain kind of fish. The chemical lampricide TFM kills ruffe, but leaves other fish untouched.

The major problem with this though, is that as long as a couple of the fish survive, they can move and repopulate. It would be especially bad if they started to move farther down south. That is why we have to find a way to prevent them from spreading. This is the last method of control: pheromones. After an extensive amount of tests, scientists discovered that the ruffe can be repelled by their own alarm pheromone. When injured, a ruffe will release this pheromone into the water to warn other ruffe to stay away. After doing these tests, the scientists involved concluded 3 significant things. One, that the pheromone does repel the ruffe (it was unclear if it would in the beginning). Second, the pheromone is species specific, so it would only repel the ruffe, none of the other fish. Finally, the scientists found that it is resilient to freezing, so even during Minnesota's long winter season; the ruffe could still be controlled. By using this method, we could stop the ruffe from going to their natural mating spots and eventually have them die out.

References

*IUCN2006|assessors=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|year=1996|id=9568|title=Gymnocephalus cernua|downloaded=12 May 2006
*ITIS|ID=168520|taxon=Gymnocephalus cernuus|year=2006|date=19 March
*Gangl, James Allen. 1998. "Effects of Eurasian Ruffe (gymnocephalus cernuus) and Yellow Perch (perca flavescens)." M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, Duluth. Pg. 1-5
*McLean, Mike. “Ruffe: A New Threat to Our Fisheries." Minnesota Sea Grant. 24 July 2007.1 Oct 2007 http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/ruffe_threat
*Maniak, Peter J., Lossing, Ryan D., and Sorenson, Peter W. "Injured Eurasian ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, release an alarm pheromone that could be used to control their dispersal." Journal of Great Lakes Research 26 (2000): 183-195
*Crosier, Danielle M., Molloy, Daniel P., Marsden, J. Ellen. "Ruffe - Gymnocephalus cernuus." New York State Museum. University of Vermont. October 23, 2007.

External links

* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gymnocephalus&speciesname=cernuus Fishbase entry for the Ruffe]