Post-creole speech continuum

Due to the relationship between a creole language and its superstrate language, that is, a language that is very closely related and whose speakers assert social, political, and economic dominance over speakers of said creole language, a post-creole continuum (or creole continuum) may arise. It is a process wherein a creole language will decreolize and become closer in phonology, morphology, and syntax to the standard of the dominant language but to different degrees depending on a speaker's status and education.

tratification

William Stewart, in 1965, proposed that the terms acrolect and basilect be the sociolinguistic labels for the upper and lower boundaries respectively of a post-creole speech continuum. [Harvcoltxt|Irvine|2004|p=42] In the early 1970s Derek Bickerton popularized these terms (as well as mesolect for intermediate points in the continuum) to refer to the phenomenon of code-switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based. University of Chicago linguist Salikoko Mufwene explains the phenomenon of creole languages as "basilectalization" away from a standard, often European, language among a mixed European and non-European population. [ [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages ] ] In certain speech communities, a continuum exists between speakers of a creole language and a related standard language. There are no discrete boundaries between the different varieties and the situation in which such a continuum exists involves considerable social stratification.

The following table (from Harvcolnb|Bell|1975) shows the 18 different ways of rendering the phrase "I gave him one" in Guyanese English:

The continuum shown has the acrolect form as IPA| [aɪ geɪv hɪm wʌn] (which is nearly identical with Standard English) while the basilect form is IPA| [mɪ bɪn giː æm wan] . Due to code-switching, most speakers have a command of a range in the continuum and, depending on social position, occupation, etc can implement the different levels with various levels of skill. [Harvcoltxt|DeCamp|1977|p=?]

If a society is so stratified as to have little to no contact between groups who speak the creole and those who speak the superstrate (dominant) language, a situation of diglossia occurs, rather than a continuum. Assigning separate and distinct functions for the two varieties will have the same effect. This is the case in Haiti with Haitian Creole and French.

Use of the terms "acrolect", "mesolect" and "basilect" avoids the value judgement inherent in earlier terminology, by which the language spoken by the ruling classes in a capital city was defined as the "correct" or "pure" form while that spoken by the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces was "a dialect" characterised as "incorrect", "impure" or "debased".

Other examples

It has been suggested (Harvcolnb|Rickford|1977; Harvcolnb|Dillard|1972) that AAVE is a decreolized form of a slave creole. Once blacks acquired recognition of equality under the law, opportunities for interaction created a strong influence of standard (American) English onto the speech of blacks so that a continuum exists today with Standard English as the acrolect and varieties closest to the original creole as the basilect.

In Jamaica, a continuum exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois. [Harvcoltxt|Meade|2001|p=19]

Notes

References

*citation
last = Bell
first = R.T.
year=1976
title=Sociolinguistics: Goals, Approaches, and Problems
publisher=Batsford
*cite book|title=Dynamics of a Creole System|author=Bickerton, Derek|year=1975
publisher=Cambridge University Press
*citation
last = DeCamp
first = D
editor = Valdman, A
year = 1977
title=Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
chapter=The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies
publisher=Indiana University Press
*citation
last=Dillard
first=John L.
year=1972
title=Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States
publisher=Random House
isbn = 0-394-71872-0
*citation
last=Meade
first=R.R.
year=2001
title=Acquisition of Jamaican Phonology
place=Dordrecht
publisher=Holland Institute of Linguistics
*citation
last=Rickford
first = John
editor=Valdman, A
year=1977
title=Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
chapter=The Question of Prior Creolization in Black English
publisher=Indiana University Press
*citation
last = Stewart
first= William
year= 1965
editor=R. Shuy
editor2= A. Davis
editor3= R. Hogan
chapter=Urban Negro speech: Sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching
title=Social dialects and language learning
pages=10-19