Sequoyah

Infobox Person


image_size = 250px
caption = SE-QUO-YAH - a lithograph from "Indian Tribes", McKinney and Hall, 1856. This lithograph is from the portrait painted by Charles Bird King from life in 1828.
birth_name =
birth_date = c. 1770
birth_place = Taskigi, Cherokee Nation (Now U.S. State of Tennessee)
death_date = August 1843
death_place = Tamaulipas, Mexico
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nationality = Cherokee
other_names = George Guess or Gist
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occupation = Blacksmith, Scholar, Linguist, Warrior
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spouse =1st:Sally (madien name unknown), 2nd:U-ti-yu
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parents = Nathaniel Gist, Wut-teh
children = Four with first wife, three with second
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Sequoyah (ᏍᏏᏉᏱ "S-si-quo-ya" [Holmes, Ruth Bradley, and Smith, Betty Sharp. 1976. ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ / Beginning Cherokee. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 291.] in Cherokee) (circa 1767 - 1843), known as George Guess, Guest or Gist, was a Native American Cherokee silversmith who invented the Cherokee syllabary. He was born in Tukasee,TN which is present day Vonore,TN, Cherokee Nation and would die in Mexico looking for a Cherokee group who removed in the late 1700s.

Birth and early life

The exact place and date of Sequoyah Gist's birth are unknown, since no written record exists. James Mooney, a prominent anthropologist and historian of the Cherokee people, quoted a cousin in saying that as a little boy Sequoyah spent his early years with his mother in the village of Tuskegee, Tennessee.

The names Sequoyah or Sequoia are both spellings given by missionaries, said to be as corruptions of the Cherokee name Sogwali or Sikwâ'yǐ which is believed to be derived from the Cherokee word "siqua" meaning 'hog'. This is either a reference to a childhood deformity or a later injury that left Sequoyah disabled (London, 193). Of his mother, Wut-teh, it is known that she was a Cherokee and belonged to the Paint Clan. Mooney states that she was the niece of a Cherokee chief. His father was either white or part-white and part Native American. Sources differ as to the exact identity of Sequoyah's father, but many (including Mooney) suggest that he was possibly a fur trader or the son of Christopher Gist or Nathaniel Gist, a scout for George Washington.

The fact that Sequoyah did not speak English may be an indication that he and his mother were abandoned by his father. At some point before 1809, Sequoyah moved to the Willstown of Alabama. There he established his trade as a silversmith. He may have fought in the Creek War between 1813 and 1814 against the Red Sticks. If he in fact was disabled, it is highly unlikely that he would have fought, but his disability could have even been a result of the battle itself.

"Talking Leaves" and a syllabary

As a silversmith, Sequoyah dealt regularly with whites who had settled in the area. Often, the Native Americans were impressed by their writing, referring to their correspondence as "talking leaves". Around 1809, Sequoyah began work to create a system of writing for the Cherokee language. From 1828 to 1834 the language was used in the Cherokee Phoenix which represented the Cherokee Nation.

After attempting to create a character for each word, Sequoyah decided to divide each word into syllables and create one character for each syllable. Utilizing the Roman alphabet and quite possibly the Cyrillic alphabet, he created 85 characters to represent the various syllables. This work took Sequoyah 12 years to complete.

There was some doubt amongst his fellow Cherokee as to the worth of his syllabary. In order to prove his creation, Sequoyah taught his daughter Ah-yo-ka how to read and write in Cherokee. After amazing locals with his new writing, Sequoyah attempted to display his feat to tribal medicine men only to be rebuffed by them for being possessed by evil spirits. Sequoyah finally proved his feat to a gathering of Chickamaugan warriors. Quickly news of the syllabary spread and the Cherokee were filling schools in order to learn the new written language. By 1823 the syllabary was in full use by the Cherokee Nation. The writing system was made official by the Cherokee Nation in 1825. It is still used today by many Cherokee speakers, more in Oklahoma than in North Carolina (Bender 2002). It is used primarily in Christian worship and study, centered around reading the Scripture in Cherokee, but also by some for traditional medicine.

In Unicode, the Cherokee syllabary begins at U+13A0.

Life in Arkansas and further west

After the acceptance of his syllabary by the nation in 1825, Sequoyah walked to the new Cherokee territory in Arkansas. There he set up a blacksmith shop and a salt works. He continued to teach the syllabary to anyone who came to him. In 1828, Sequoyah journeyed to Washington, D.C. as part of a delegation to negotiate a treaty for land in Oklahoma.

His trip brought him into contact with representatives of other Native American tribes from around the nation. With these meetings he decided to create a syllabary for universal use among all Native American tribes. With this in mind, Sequoyah began to journey to areas of present day Arizona and New Mexico seeking tribes there.

In addition, Sequoyah dreamed of seeing the splintered Cherokee Nation reunited. It was on a trip seeking Cherokees who had moved to Mexico that he died between 1843 and 1845. His exact burial location is unknown.

Sequoyah's Cabin, a frontier cabin that he lived in during 1829-1844, is located in Oklahoma. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

[
Lee Lawrie, sculpted bronze figure of Sequoyah (1939). Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C.]

equoyah's namesakes

*The name of the district where Sequoyah had lived in Oklahoma was changed to Sequoyah District in 1851. When Oklahoma was admitted to the union, that area became known as Sequoyah County.
*The Sequoia tree is generally thought to be named after him (see, for instance, the OED). Some botanists have challenged this claim Verify source|date=April 2007.
*The proposed State of Sequoyah was named in his honor.
*Sequoyah High School (Oklahoma) is a Native American Boarding School named after the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary.
*Sequoyah High School (Tennessee) is a public high school in Madisonville, TN named after Sequoyah.
*Sequoyah Research Center is a research center dedicated to collecting and archiving Native American thought and literature.
*Mount Sequoyah in the Great Smoky Mountains was named in honor of Sequoyah. It is among the most remote mountains in the range.
*The Sequoyah Hills neighborhood of Knoxville, Tennessee, bears his name.
*The Tennessee Valley Authority Sequoyah Nuclear Generating Station bears his name.
*The Sequoyah Marina on Norris Lake which is impounded by Norris Dam, the first hydro-electric dam in Tennessee built by the Tennessee Valley Authority, was named in honor of Sequoyah.
*The Sequoyah Elementary School in Russellville, Arkansas, bears his name.

References

Bender, Margaret. 2002. Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.

External links

* [http://library.wcu.edu/CherokeePhoenix/Vol1/no24/pg2col1a-2a.htm Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet] published in the "Cherokee Phoenix"
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v008/v008p149.html The Life and Work of Sequoyah; "Chronicles of Oklahoma"]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-618&sug=y Sequoyah] (New Georgia Encyclopedia)
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p003.html The Father of Sequoyah: Nathaniel Gist; "Chronicles of Oklahoma"]
* [http://www.tiro.com/syllabics/Cherokee/Sequoyah.html Sequoyah] from Tiro Typeworks
* [http://ngeorgia.com/people/sequoyah.html Sequoyah (aka George Gist), a North Georgia Notable]
* [http://www.cherokee.org The Cherokee Nation]
* [http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/Downloads/4/Default.aspx The Official Cherokee Font]