Roslin Castle

Infobox Military Structure
name=Roslin Castle
location=Roslin, Scotland
Grid Ref. gbmappingsmall|NT274627


caption=The approach to Roslin Castle over the bridge, and showing the east range behind the ruined gatehouse.
type=
code=
built=14th to 17th centuries
builder=Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney
materials=Stone
height=
used=14th century to present
demolished=
condition=Partially ruined, partially habitable
ownership=Earl of Rosslyn
controlledby=
garrison=
commanders=
occupants=
battles=
events=

Roslin Castle (sometimes spelt Rosslyn) is a partially ruined castle near the village of Roslin in Midlothian, Scotland. It is located around 9 miles south of Edinburgh, on the north bank of the North Esk, only a few hundred metres from the famous Rosslyn Chapel.

There has been a castle on the site since the early 14th century, when the Sinclair Earls of Orkney fortified the site, although the present ruins are of slightly later date. Following destruction during the Rough Wooing of 1544, the castle was rebuilt. This structure, built into the cliffs of Roslin Glen, has remained at least partially habitable ever since. The castle is accessed via a high bridge, which replaced an earlier drawbridge. Roslin was renovated in the 1980s and now serves as holiday accommodation.

History

The first castle at Roslin was built in the 1330s for Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney. The Sinclair, or St Clair, family (also anciently spelt Sanctclare), were of Norman origin, and had held land in the Lothians since 1162. It was built on a rocky promontory near the site of the Battle of Roslin, where the Scots defeated the English in 1303. In the late 14th or early 15th century, Henry's son Henry, 2nd Earl of Orkney built a new rectangular, round-cornered keep at the south-west corner. [Sources on the construction date are confused. Coventry (2001) suggests the keep is of 14th century origin, while Salter (1994) states that William Sinclair was the builder. The NMRS gives the date as "around 1390", although the Listed Building Report states "late 15th century".] The courtyard was entered via a drawbridge over an artificial ditch, giving access to a pend in the small north range.McWilliam (1978), pp.418-420]

The castle was damaged by a domestic fire in 1452. [National Monuments Record of Scotland] It was a scriptorium during the Middle Ages, and five St Clair manuscripts, dating back to 1488, are in the National Library of Scotland.Ralls, pp.196-197] These include the Rosslyn-Hay manuscript, believed to be the earliest extant work in Scots prose. Legend has it that during the domestic fire the Earl was in consternation because of his valuable manuscripts but they were lowered to safety from a window by his chaplain. Roslin was more severely damaged by the Earl of Hertford, who burned the castle during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1544. The keep was almost totally destroyed, although its one remaining ruined wall can still be seen.Coventry, pp.557-558]

The castle was rebuilt in the late 16th century. A new five storey east range was built into the side of the rock, and the gatehouse was rebuilt, this time with a permanent stone bridge. The upper part of the east range was renovated in 1622, with renaissance details and carving to door and window surrounds. Roslin suffered again from the artillery of Cromwell’s commander in Scotland, General Monck, in 1650. It was further damaged by a Reforming mob in 1688.

By the 18th century the structure was dilapidated, though part of the east range has always remained habitable. From 1982 to 1988 the east range was restored by architects Simpson and Brown. [Thomas (1995)] The current owner, the Earl of Rosslyn, a descendant of the Sinclairs, leases the castle as holiday accommodation via the Landmark Trust. [cite web |url=http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/pdf/ARO_Web.pdf |title=The Landmark Trust Availability List |accessdate=2007-10-04] The castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and a Category A listed building.

Architecture

The castle stands precipitously above a loop of the river North Esk, which protects it on three sides. This rocky promontory was breached on the north side to form a ditch giving further protection. The castle is approached from Roslin across this ditch, via a precipitous bridge and through the ruined gatehouse.

Ruins

The remains of the gatehouse and north range comprise only fragments of walls and one side of the entrance arch, with the remains of a bartizan above. Along the west side of the castle, the 15th century curtain wall remains standing to a considerable height. This section of wall has six openings at the base, one of which served as a postern gate. On the outer face, the six bays are divided by rounded buttresses. Old sketches of Roslin show bartizans above each of these buttresses, with a wall-walk connecting them. [McWilliam (1978) cites images in "The Genealogy of the Saintclaires of Rosslyn" by Father Richard Augustine Hay (1661-c.1736), published in 1835.]

To the south of this wall is the remaining wall of the keep. The mound beneath is formed from the collapsed remnants of the other three walls. The ruin suggests that the keep was around 16m by 12m, with walls 2.9m thick rising to a machicolated parapet.Salter (1994)]

East range

The restored east range measures around 31m by 10m, with a pitched roof and crow-step gables. It is entered through a richly carved doorway, dated 1622 and initialled SWS for Sir William Sinclair, which gives access to the third floor. The three lower floors are cut into the rock, and each has four vaulted rooms, with a fifth in the south-east tower. These lower levels were used for service rooms, with the principal rooms in the two upper floors. At the lowest level was a kitchen, with a bakehouse above. On the exterior, gunloops are found on the south wall, with several shot-holes on the east.

All five floors are connected by a central scale-and-platt staircase, added in the early 17th century to replace a turnpike stair in the south-west. The rooms of the upper floors have impressive panelling and decorated ceilings. The main hall, in the south part of the block, has been divided, but retains a large fireplace with the carved initials WS and JE, for William Sinclair and his wife Jean Edmonstone, and the date 1597.

Cultural references

Sir Walter Scott celebrated the picturesque landscape of Roslin Glen, in which the castle sits, in his poetry. A ballad named "Roslin Castle" was written in the 18th century by Richard Hewitt of Cumberland. [cite web |url=http://www.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/16543 |title=The Word on the Street |accessdate=2007-03-23]

ee also

*Clan Sinclair;
*Sinclair (surname);
*Earl of Caithness;
*Rosslyn Chapel;
*Sinclair & Girnigoe Castle;

Notes

References

*Coventry, Martin "The Castles of Scotland (4th Edition)", Birlinn, 2006. ISBN 1841584495
*Lindsay, Maurice "The Castles of Scotland", Constable & Co. 1986. ISBN 0094734305
*McWilliam, Colin "The Buildings of Scotland: Lothian", Penguin, 1978. ISBN 0300096267
*Ralls, Karen "The Templars and the Grail: Knights of the Quest", Quest Books, 2003. ISBN 0835608077
*Salter, Mike "The Castles of Lothian and the Borders", Folly Publications, 1994. ISBN 1871731208
*Thomas, Jane "Midlothian: An illustrated Architectural Guide" Rutland Press, 1995. ISBN 1873190263

*cite web |url=http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=51811 |title=Roslin Castle, Site Reference NT26SE 21.00 |publisher=RCAHMS |accessdate=2007-10-09
*cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/portal.hsstart?P_HBNUM=13026 |title=Roslin Castle, Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2007-10-09

External links

* [http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/roslin/rosslyncastle/index.html Rosslyn Castle Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland]
* [http://www.rampantscotland.com/castles/blcastles_rosslyn.htm Rampant Scotland: Roslin Castle]
* [http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst1119.html Gazetteer for Scotland: Roslin Castle]