Alveolar trill

is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because is often the symbol used for the orthographies of such languages.

In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap IPA| [ɾ] , particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Spanish, Portuguese and Albanian, which treat them as separate phonemes.

Features

Features of the alveolar trill:

* Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by vibrations of the tongue against the place of articulation.
* Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
* Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill

There is a phone (different from [r] ) which is exclusively used in Czech (in words such as "rybáři" 'fishermen'). Its manner of articulation is similar but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is orthographically represented by the letter ř, and in IPA as IPA|. The basic manner of pronunciation is voiced but there is also a voiceless allophone IPA| [r] .

ee also

* List of phonetic topics

References

Bibliography

*Harvard reference
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first=Joan F.
last2=Llisterri
first2=Joaquim
year=1992
title=Catalan
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=22
issue=1-2
pages=53-56
*Harvard reference
last = Jassem
first = Wiktor
year= 2003
title=Polish
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=33
issue=1
pages=103-107
*Harvard reference
last=Ladefoged
first=Peter
last2=Maddieson
first2=Ian
year=1996
title=The Sounds of the World's Languages
publisher=Blackwell Publishing
ISBN= ISBN 0-631-19815-6
*Harvard reference
last = Martínez-Celdrán
first= Eugenio
last2 = Fernández-Planas
first2= Ana Ma.
last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
first3 = Josefina
year= 2003
title=Castilian Spanish
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=33
issue=2
pages=255-259
*Harvard reference
last = Rogers
first = Derek
last2 = d'Arcangeli
first2 = Luciana
year= 2004
title=Italian
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=34
issue=1
pages=117-121
*Harvard reference
last =Skalozub
first= Larisa
year= 1963
title= Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka
publisher= Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta