Comma-separated values

Infobox file format
name = Comma separated list
Comma-separated values
icon =



caption =
extension = .csv or .txt
mime = text/csv
text/comma-separated-values (deprecated)fact|By whom? YOU!??? |date=August 2008
type code =
uniform type =
magic =
owner =
released =
latest release version =
latest release date =
genre = multiplatform, serial data streams
container for = database information organized as field separated lists
contained by =
extended from =
extended to =
standard = RFC 4180
url =

The comma separated list (CSL) is a data format originally known as comma-separated values (CSV) in the oldest days of simple computers. In the personal computer industry (then more commonly known as a "Home Computer"), the early most common use was by small businesses for generating solicitations using boilerplate form letters, via mailing lists.

Some early software applications such as word processors, allowed a stream of "variable data" to be merged between two files, a form letter, and a CSL of names, addresses, and other data fields, and still do, simply because tasks requiring human input (construction of lists) is natural and easy using comma separation delimiting. CSL/CSVs were also used to exchange data between desktop computers of different architectures, and for simple database uses.

Comma-separated value lists are very old technology and predate personal computers by more than a decade; the IBM Fortran (level G) compiler under OS/360 supported these in 1967, and they were not a new idea at the time. Comma-separated value lists were often easier to type into punched cards than fixed-column-aligned data, and were less prone to producing competely bogus results if a value was punched one-column-off from its intended location (an easy mistake to make). The arguments against them were harder to justify (the main one being that they were "inefficient" to parse) when computers became so powerful they could execute hundreds of thousands of instructions per second.

Technical background

A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file. Particularly, files encoded using the CSV format are used to store tabular data. The format dates back to the early days of business computing, and is widely used to pass data between computers with different internal word sizes, data formatting needs and so forth. For this reason, CSV files are common on all computer platforms.

CSV is one implementation of a delimited text file, which uses a comma to separate values (where many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow an alternate separator to be used). However CSV differs from other delimiter separated file formats in using a " (double quote) character around fields that contain reserved characters (such as commas or newlines). Most other delimiter formats either use an escape character such as a backslash, or have no support for reserved characters.

In computer science terms, this type of format is called a "flat file" because only one table can be stored in a CSV file. Most systems use a series of tables to store their information, which must be "flattened" into a single table, often with information repeated over several rows, to create a delimited text file..

pecification

Comma separated lists date from before the earliest personal computers, but were widely used in the earliest pre-IBM PC era personal computers for tape storage backup and interchange of database information from machines of two different architectures. In that day, affordable hard drives did not exist, and many small businesses tried to achieve the benefits of computing using floppy disk based software. [Cite Sm|Peachtree and Condor, to name two. ]

While no formal specification for CSV exists, RFC 4180 from October 2005 describes a common format and establishes "text/csv" as the MIME type registered with the IANA. Another relevant specification is provided by Fielded Text which also covers the CSV format.

Since csv files existed well before 2005 the RFC is only one special view on csv files.

Many informal documents exist that describe the CSV format. [http://www.creativyst.com/Doc/Articles/CSV/CSV01.htm How To: The Comma Separated Value (CSV) File Format] provides an overview of the CSV format in the most widely used applications and explains how it can best be used and supported.

The basic rules from a lot of these specifications are as follows:

CSV is a delimited data format that has fields/columns separated by the comma character and records/rows separated by newlines. Fields that contain a special character (comma, newline, or double quote), must be enclosed in double quotes. However, if a line contains a single entry which is the empty string, it may be enclosed in double quotes. If a field's value contains a double quote character it is escaped by placing another double quote character next to it. The CSV file format does not require a specific character encoding, byte order, or line terminator format.

* Each record is one line terminated by a line feed (ASCII/LF=0x0A) or a carriage return and line feed pair (ASCII/CRLF=0x0D 0x0A), however, line-breaks can be embedded.
* Fields are separated by commas. 1997,Ford,E350
* In some CSV implementations, leading and trailing spaces or tabs, adjacent to commas, are trimmed. "This practice is contentious and in fact is specifically prohibited by RFC 4180, which states, "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored." 1997, Ford , E350 same as 1997,Ford,E350
* Fields with embedded commas must be delimited with double-quote characters. 1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck"
* Fields with embedded double-quote characters must be delimited with double-quote characters, and the embedded double-quote characters must be represented by a pair of double-quote characters. 1997,Ford,E350,"Super ""luxurious"" truck"
* Fields with embedded line breaks must be delimited by double-quote characters. 1997,Ford,E350,"Go get one now they are going fast"
* Fields with leading or trailing spaces must be delimited by double-quote characters. "(See comment about leading and trailing spaces above.)" 1997,Ford,E350," Super luxurious truck "
* Fields may always be delimited by double-quote characters, whether necessary or not. "1997","Ford","E350"
* The first record in a csv file may contain column names in each of the fields. Year,Make,Model 1997,Ford,E350 2000,Mercury,Cougar

Example

The above table of data may be represented in CSV format as follows:

1997,Ford,E350,"ac, abs, moon",3000.00 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition""","",4900.00 1996,Jeep,Grand Cherokee,"MUST SELL!
air, moon roof, loaded",4799.00

This CSV example illustrates that:

* fields that contain commas, double-quotes, or line-breaks must be quoted,
* a quote within a field must be escaped with an additional quote immediately preceding the literal quote,
* space before and after delimiter commas may be trimmed, and
* a line break within an element must be preserved.

Application support

The CSV file format is very simple and supported by almost all spreadsheets and database management systems. Many programming languages have libraries available that support CSV files. Even modern software applications support CSV imports and/or exports because the format is so widely recognized. In fact, many applications allow .csv-named files to use any delimiter character.

ee also

*Delimiter-separated values
*Fielded text

References

External links

*RFC 4180: Common Format and MIME Type for Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Files
* [http://www.creativyst.com/Doc/Articles/CSV/CSV01.htm How To: The Comma Separated Value (CSV) File Format]
* [http://supercsv.sourceforge.net/csvSpecification.html An EBNF definition of the CSV format with explanation]