Christopher Columbus Andrews

For the actor and writer, see Christopher Andrews.

Christopher Columbus Andrews
Christopher Columbus Andrews
Born	October 27, 1829(1829-10-27) Hillsborough, New Hampshire
Died	September 21, 1922(1922-09-21) (aged 92)
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service/branch	Union Army
Years of service	1861 - 1866
Rank	Brigadier General
Battles/wars	American Civil War
Awards	Brevet Major General
Other work	Ambassador to Sweden and Norway

Christopher Columbus Andrews (October 27, 1829 – September 21, 1922) was an American soldier, diplomat, newspaperman, author, and forester.

Early life and career

Christopher Columbus Andrews, approximately age 14, ca. 1843

Andrews was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, the son of a rural farmer. He attended school during the winter months until 1843, when he travelled to Boston. He attended the Francestown Academy, completed his education, and studied law in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1848. He passed his bar examination two years later and established a law practice in Newton, Massachusetts, where he served as a member of the city school board in 1851–1852.

He briefly relocated to Boston in 1853, but left the following year for the West, settling in Kansas. He went to Washington, D.C., to help promote Kansas's interest to the United States Congress, and spent two years working as a law clerk in the United States Treasury Department. He then moved to St. Cloud, Minnesota, in 1856, and three years later, was elected as to the Minnesota State Senate. During the presidential election of 1860, he actively supported the Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and was nominated as a presidential elector. Despite his support for Douglas, in 1861, he was instrumental in establishing a newspaper, the Minnesota Union, supporting the policies of President Abraham Lincoln, and served as editor before enlisting in the Union Army.

Civil War

During the Civil War, Andrews rose to the regular rank of brigadier general and at its close was brevetted as a major general. He originally enlisted as a private, but was commissioned captain in the 3rd Minnesota Infantry. Captured by Confederates in Tennessee in July 1862, he was held as a prisoner of war until October, when he was exchanged. He returned to his regiment as lieutenant colonel and participated in the Vicksburg Campaign.

In July 1863, Andrews was promoted to colonel and commanded a brigade in the operations to capture Little Rock, Arkansas, later in the year. Throughout the balance of the year and into early 1864, Andrews helped organize and foster the Unionists in Arkansas, and was influential in the reorganization of Arkansas as a free state. He was promoted to brigadier general in acknowledgement of his efforts while commanding troops near Augusta, Arkansas. Andrews was assigned to the command of the Second Division of the XIII Corps, and participated in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely in Alabama. On March 9, 1865, he was brevetted Major General and assigned command of the district of Mobile.^[1]

Postbellum

Andrews was dispatched to Houston, Texas, to supervise the early stages of Reconstruction in the region and to keep the order while a new provisional civil government was put in place under Governor Andrew J. Hamilton. He mustered out of the service on January 15, 1866.

Andrews was United States Minister to Sweden and Norway from 1869 to 1877, and United States Consul-General to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. He helped supervise the 1880 census for Minnesota.

Interested in scientific forestry, Andrews after the war worked to stir public sentiment for responsible logging and forest practices, but without much success until the Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 burned several towns in east-central Minnesota, garnering widespread public attention. He maintained that proper forestry would renew the state's ravaged timberlands and make them fire resistant. Eventually, leading foresters and companies began to implement Andrews' ideas and practices. He was Minnesota state Forestry Commissioner when the Baudette Fire of 1910 burned, further strengthening his argument for regulation of forestry.^[2]

A prolific writer, his publications include a History of the Campaign of Mobile (1867) and Brazil, Its Conditions and Prospects (1887; third edition, 1895).

See also

	Biography portal
	United States Army portal
	American Civil War portal

• List of American Civil War generals
• General C. C. Andrews State Forest, Pine County, Minnesota

References

• This article incorporates text from an edition of the New International Encyclopedia that is in the public domain.
• This article incorporates text from the public domain Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.
• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

1. ^ Andrews was nominated March 9, 1865, to rank from March 9, 1865, and confirmed March 10, 1865, which was an unusually fast process for most promotions or brevet awards. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 710
2. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (2008). Year of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 228–235. ISBN 9780878425440. 

External links

• Works by Christopher Columbus Andrews at Project Gutenberg
• Works by C. C. Andrews on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• "Christopher Columbus Andrews". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6816469. Retrieved 2008-02-12. 

Persondata
Name	Andrews, Christopher Columbus
Alternative names
Short description	Union Army General
Date of birth	October 27, 1829
Place of birth	Hillsborough, New Hampshire
Date of death	September 21, 1922
Place of death