- Helleborus foetidus
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Helleborus foetidus 
Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Ranunculales Family: Ranunculaceae Genus: Helleborus Species: H. foetidus Binomial name Helleborus foetidus
L.Helleborus foetidus, known variously as stinking hellebore (/ˈhɛlɪbɔːr/), dungwort, and bear's foot, is a member of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native of the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Europe, Greece and Asia Minor. Found wild in many parts of England, especially on a limestone soil.
Contents
Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 80 cm tall and 100 cm across, with a thick succulent stem and evergreen glossy leaves. Flowering is in spring, usually on lime-rich soils. The drooping cup-shaped flowers are yellowish-green, often with a purple edge to the five petal-like sepals on strongly upright stems. The flowers, typically for the family, contain numerous stamens as well as up to ten nectaries which make them attractive to bees and other insects. Each flower produces up to five (usually three) wrinkled follicles. Despite its common name, it is not noticeably malodorous, although the foliage is pungent when crushed.[1]
All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing glycosides. Symptoms of intoxication include violent vomiting and delirium.[1]
Yeast colonise the nectaries of stinking hellebore and their presence has been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators to the flower by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds. It was the first species in which this effect was discovered.[2][3]
Horticulture
Flowers
It is grown in gardens for its handsome evergreen foliage and large numbers of green, bell-shaped flowers borne in late winter.
The cultivar 'Green Giant' has very bright green flowers and finely divided foliage; 'Miss Jekyll' has fragrant flowers, intensity varying with the time of day; 'Wester Flisk Group' has red-tinted leaves and stems and gray-green flowers; the 'Sierra Nevada Group' is dwarf, reaching 30 cm.
Helleborus foetidus prefers woodland conditions with deep, fertile, moist, humus rich, well-drained soil, and dappled shade. The species is, however, drought tolerant. It often occurs naturally on chalk or limestone soils.
Propagation is by division or from seed, which can be prolific, naturalising well in ideal conditions. Rodents should be kept away from the garden since they depredate the seeds either when still in fruiting plants within the carpels or from the floor after seed release. [4]
References
- ^ a b North, Pamela (1967). Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain.
- ^ Barley, Shanta (10 February 2010). "Stinky flower is kept warm by yeast partner". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527473.900-stinky-flower-is-kept-warm-by-yeast-partner.html. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ Herrera, Carlos; María I. Pozo (10 February 2010). "Nectar yeasts warm the flowers of a winter-blooming plant". Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/05/rspb.2009.2252.abstract. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ Fedriani, JM; Rey, PJ; Garrido, JL; Guitian, J; Herrera, CM; Medrano, M; Sanchez-Lafuente, AM; Cerdá, X 2004. Geographical variation in the potential of mice to constrain an ant-seed dispersal mutualism. Oikos 105: 181-191.
- RBGE Edinburgh website: entry in Flora Europaea (accessed 6 October 2009)
- Perring, Franklin; Max Walters (1989). Macmillan Field Guide to British Wildflowers. Macmillan. ISBN 0333445228.
- Flora, The Gardener's Bible, ABC books, Ultimo, NSW, Australia, 2006
- Bryant & Rodd et al., The Ultimate Plant Book, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic, Australia, 2005
External links
Categories:- Ranunculaceae
- Flora of Europe
- Medicinal plants
- Poisonous plants
- Ranunculales stubs
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