Myriophyllum spicatum

Myriophyllum spicatum
Myriophyllum spicatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Haloragaceae
Genus: Myriophyllum
Species: M. spicatum
Binomial name
Myriophyllum spicatum
L.

Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) is a species of Myriophyllum native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa. It is a submerged aquatic plant, and grows in still or slow-moving water.

Contents

Description

Eurasian watermilfoil has slender stems up to 3 m long. The submerged leaves (usually between 15-35  mm long)are borne in whorls of four, pinnate, with the numerous leaflets thread-like, 4–13 mm long. Plants are monoecious with flowers produced in the leaf axils (male above, female below) on a spike 5–15 cm long held vertically above the water surface, each flower inconspicuous, orange-red, 4–6 mm long. Eurasian water milfoil has 12- 21 pairs of leaflets while northern watermilfoil M. sibiricum only has 5-9 pairs. The two can hybridize and the resulting hybrid plants can cause taxonomic confusion as leaf characters are intermediate and can overlap with parent species.[1]

Distribution

Minnesota, North America (Ontario, Canada)

Introduced areas

Myriophyllum spicatum was likely first introduced to North America in the 1940s[2] where it has become an invasive species in some areas. As of 2003 Eurasian watermilfoil was found in every state of the contiguous US save for Wyoming and Montana, with Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington state having the largest areas of infestation.

Impact

In lakes or other aquatic areas where native aquatic plants are not well established, the Eurasian plant can quickly spread. It has been known to crowd out native plants and create dense mats that interfere with recreational activity. Eurasian watermilfoil can grow from broken off stems which increases the rate in which the plant can spread and grow. In some areas, the Eurasian Watermilfoil is an Aquatic Nuisance Species. Eurasian watermilfoil is known to hybridize with the native northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum)and the hybrid taxon has also becomes invasive in North America. It is known from across the USA upper midwest (Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin) and in the Northwest (Idaho, Washington).[3]

Control

The aquatic moth Acentria ephemerella, the water veneer moth, feeds upon and damages this water milfoil. It has been used as an agent of biological pest control against the plant in North America. The milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) has also been used as biocontrol. Another method for biocontrol is Grass Carp, (one of the Asian Carp species) which have been bred as sterility, is sometimes released into affected areas, since these fish primarily feed on aquatic plants and have proven effective at controlling the spread. However, the carp prefer many native species to the milfoil and will usually decimate preferred species before eating the milfoil.

Since roughly 2000, hand-harvesting of invasive milfoils has shown much success as a management technique. Several organizations in the New England states have undertaken large scale, lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs with extremely successful results. Acknowledgment had to be made that it is impossible to completely eradicate the species once it is established. As a result, maintenance must be done once an infestation has been reduced to afford-ably controlled levels. Well trained divers with proper techniques have been able to effectively control and then maintain many lakes, especially in the Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other disruptive and largely unsuccessful management techniques are banned. The Adirondack Watershed Institute (AWI) of Paul Smiths College is one organization whose research has shown time and again the effectiveness of hand-harvesting techniques. Two past employees of the Institute formed a private company called Aquatic Invasive Management, LLC (AIM)) which has taken the productivity of past hand-harvesting techniques to new heights with private innovation. It is becoming apparent that hand-harvesting is minimally disruptive to the ecology, highly effective per dollar spent, economically beneficial in the form of good paying job creation and universally applicable.

References

  1. ^ Moody, M. L.; Les, D. H. (2007). Biological Invasions 9: 559–570. 
  2. ^ Couch, R.; Nelson, E. (1985). "Myriophyllum spicatum in North America". Proceeding of the first international symposium on watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and related Haloragaceae species: 8–18. 
  3. ^ Moody, M. L.; Les, D. H. (2002). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 14867–14871. 

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