Eupleridae

Eupleridae
Euplerids[1]
Fossa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Eupleridae
Chenu, 1850
Subfamilies

Euplerinae
Galidiinae

Eupleridae subfamily ranges
Synonyms
  • Euplerini Simpson, 1945
  • Cryptoproctina Gray, 1864
  • Galidiina Gray, 1864
  • Cryptoproctidae Flower, 1869
  • Galidiinae Gill, 1872
  • Galidictinae Mivart, 1882
  • Cryptoproctinae Trouessart, 1885
  • Fossinae Pocock, 1915

The family Eupleridae is a group of carnivorans endemic to Madagascar and comprising 10 known species in seven genera. Probably the best known species is the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), in the subfamily Euplerinae. All species of Euplerinae were formerly classified as viverrids, while all species in the subfamily Galidiinae were classified as herpestids.

Recent molecular studies indicate that the eight living species of Madagascar carnivorans evolved from one ancestor that is thought to have rafted over from mainland Africa 18-24 million years ago. This makes Malagasy carnivorans a clade. They are closely allied with the true herpestid mongooses, their closest living relatives.[2] The Fossa and the Malagasy Civet (Fossa fossana) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species within this group.

All Eupleridae are considered threatened species due to habitat destruction, as well as predation and competition from non-native species.[3]

Contents

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Historically, the relationships of the Madagascar carnivorans have been contentious, but molecular evidence suggests they form a single clade, now recognized as the family Eupleridae.[4][5] The hyena family Hyaenidae is a sister taxon of the euplerid and herpestid clade, and when grouped together with the viverrids and felids as well as some smaller groups forms the feliform (cat-like carnivores) clade.[6][7]

The evolutionary divergence between the herpestids and the euplerids dates back to the Oligocene,[7] at a time feliforms shared many similarities, particularly between the cats and the viverrids. Palaeoprionodon (within superfamily Aeluroidea), found in Europe and Asia from the late Eocene or early Oligocene, looked similar to the modern Fossa, while Proailurus, an extinct form of cat, exhibited many viverrid-like characteristics.[8] Despite these similarities in the fossil record, the modern Malagasy carnivores are distinctly different, with subfamily Euplerinae and the subfamily Galidiinae bearing similarities with civets and mongooses respectively.[6] Euplerinae (including the Fossa, Falanouc, and Malagasy Civet) has auditory regions similar to those of viverrids, while Galidiinae has auditory regions similar to those of herpestids. Based on this trait, Robert M. Hunt Jr. proposed in 1996 that Madagascar was colonized twice, once by viverrids and once by herpestids. The genetic studies by Yoder and colleagues in 2003 suggested a single colonization event by a primitive herpestid ancestor, followed quickly by adaptive radiation. The common ancestor arrived from Africa, probably by rafting, during the late Oligocene or early Miocene (24–18 mya),[6][7] though Philippe Gaubert and Veron estimated a divergence date of 19.4 mya (16.5–22.7 mya).[7][9]

Phylogeny of Malagasy carnivores (Eupleridae)[4]
Eupleridae 

Cryptoprocta

C. ferox (Fossa)



C. spelea (Giant Fossa)




Fossa (Malagasy Civet)




Eupleres (Falanouc)




Galidia (Ring-tailed Mongoose)



Galidictis 

G. fasciata (Broad-striped Malagasy Mongoose)



G. grandidieri (Grandidier's Mongoose)




Salanoia 

S. durrelli (Alaotra Mongoose)



S. concolor (Brown-tailed Mongoose)




Mungotictis (Narrow-striped Mongoose)






Phylogeny of Eupleridae within Feliformia[7]
Feliformia 

(other feliforms)




Viverridae




Hyaenidae (hyenas)




Herpestidae (mongooses)




Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivores)








See also

References

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000443. 
  2. ^ John J. Flynn et al.: Molecular Phylogenie of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assesssing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Engimatic Relationships, Syst. Biol. 54(2):317–337, 2005 Molecular Phylogeny of Carnivora
  3. ^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eupleridae.html
  4. ^ a b Yoder, AD; Burns, A.D.; Zehr, M.M.; Delefosse, S.; Veron, T.; Goodman, G.; Flynn, S.M. (2003). "Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor" (PDF). Nature 421 (6924): 734–737. doi:10.1038/nature01303. PMID 12610623. http://www.biology.duke.edu/yoderlab/reprints/2003YoderBurnsNature.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
  5. ^ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M.. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 559–561. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000446. 
  6. ^ a b c Yoder, A.D.; Flynn, J.J. (2003). "Origin of Malagasy Carnivora". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P.. The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1253–1256. ISBN 0-226-30306-3. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Barycka, E. (2007). "Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora". Mammalian Biology 72 (5): 257–282. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.011. 
  8. ^ Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
  9. ^ Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC 1691530. PMID 14667345. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/270/1532/2523.full.pdf. 

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