Franco-Provençal language
language
name=Franco-Provençal, Arpitan
nativename=patouès, arpetan
pronunciation=/patuˈe/ /patuˈɑ/
states=flag|Italy
flag|France
flag|Switzerland
region=Valle d'Aosta,
speakers=(est.) 113,400
rank=Potentially endangered language:
familycolor=Indo-European
fam1=Indo-European
fam2=Italic
fam3=Romance
fam4=Italo-Western
fam5=Western
fam6=Gallo-Iberian
fam7=Gallo-Romance
script=
nation=protected by statute in
iso1=
iso2=roa
iso3=frp
Map of the Franco-Provençal Language Area:
Dark Blue: Protected. — Medium Blue: General regions.
Light Blue: Historical transition zone.
Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal) or Arpitan (
Today, the largest number of Franco-Provençal speakers reside in the Aosta Valley Autonomous Region of Italy. The language also is spoken in alpine valleys in the
The number of speakers has been declining significantly. According to
History
Franco-Provençal emerged from a Gallo-Roman variety of
Early manuscripts reveal that Franco-Provençal has existed at least since the 12th century, possibly diverging from Langue d'Oïl as early as the 8th or 9th centuries (Bec, 1971). One writer has detected the influence of Basque by analyzing "fossil words" ("mots fossiles") from
Franco-Provençal never achieved the greatness of its three larger neighbors; French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally mountainous and isolated from one another. The internal boundaries of the entire linguistic domain were shattered by wars and religious conflicts. France, Switzerland, the
Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their domain until the 20th century. As French political power expanded, and communication and transportation improved, speakers abandoned their patois, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard
Present Status
Several events have combined to stabilize the language in the
Paradoxically, the same federal laws do not grant the language the same protection in the
Switzerland does not recognize Franco-Provençal (Romand) as one of its official languages. ("Romand" should not be confused with "Romansh".) Speakers live in western cantons where
Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic is French (article 2 of the
Classification
The philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by the
: Note: The
A philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by
Origin of the Language Name
Franco-Provençal is an extremely fragmented language with scores of highly peculiar local variations that never merged together over time. The range of dialect diversity is far greater than what is found in the Langue d’Oïl and Occitan regions. Comprehension of one dialect by speakers of another is often difficult. Nowhere is it spoken in a "pure form," nor is there a "standard reference language" that the modern generic label used to identify the language may indicate. This explains why speakers use local terms to name it, such as Bressan, Forèzien, or Valdôtain, or simply "patouès" ("patois"). It has only been in recent years that speakers, who are not specialists in linguistics, have become conscious of the language’s collective identity.
The language region was first recognized in the 19th century during advances in research into the nature and structure of human speech.
Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject::« "Chiamo" franco-provenzale "un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da une confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimile da quella per cui fra di lora si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini." »
:"I call "Franco-Provençal" a type of language which brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provençal, and which are not due to a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another."
Although the name "Franco-Provençal" appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French ("francoprovençal") was generally adopted following a conference at the
The name "Romand" has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1494, when notaries in
A proposal in the 1960s to call the language "Burgundian" (French: "burgondien") did not take hold because of confusion with historical, political, and geographic regions of the same name (Meune, 2007).
Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name "Arpitan" because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. "Arpitan" is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands") (Bessat & Germi, 1991). It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement Harpitanya, a political organization in the Aosta Valley. [ [http://arpitania.forumactif.com/CAFE-ARPITAN-c1/L-euroregion-Arpitanie-f1/La-nation-Arpitane-J-Harriet-1974-t581.htm J. Harriet (1974), "L'ethnie valdôtaine n'a jamais existe... elle n'est que partie de l'ethnie harpitane" in "La nation Arpitane"] , image of original article posted at Arpitania.eu, 12 January 2007.] The Aliance Culturèla Arpitana (Arpitan Cultural Alliance) is currently advancing the cause for the name "Arpitan" through the Internet, publishing efforts, and other activities. The organization was founded in 2004 by Stéphanie Lathion and Alban Lavy in
The language is called "patouès" (patois) or "nosta moda" ("our way of speaking") by native speakers. Some Savoyard speakers call their language "sarde". This is a colloquial term, used because their ancestors were subjects of the
Geographic distribution
The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provençal language includes the following areas (also see: Jochnowitz, 1973):
Italy
* the
* the alpine heights of the
: Note: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak Occitan.
* two enclaves in the
France
* the major part of
Switzerland
* most of
Number of Speakers
The Franco-Provençal dialect with the greatest population of active daily speakers is Valdôtain (Valdoten). Approximately 68,000 people speak the language in the Aosta Valley region of Italy according to reports conducted after the 1981 census. The alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin have an estimated 22,000 speakers. The Faetar dialect is spoken by just 1,400 speakers who live in an isolated pocket of the province of Foggia in the southern Italian Apulia region (Figures for Italy: EUROPA, 2005.)
Contrary to this official information reported by the European Commission, a poll by the Fondation Émile Chanoux in 2001 [ [http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp Fondation Émile Chanoux: Sondage] ] revealed that only 15% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provençal as their mother tongue. This is a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier that was used in the commission report. Only 7% of the inhabitants (approximately 8,200 people) claimed to be able to speak any dialect. A report published by Laval University in
Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED ("Institut national d’études démographiques") states that the language loss by generation, that is, “the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age” was 90%. This was a greater loss than any language in France; a loss called "critical." The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children. (Figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2.)
Linguistic Structure
Note: The overview in this section follows Stich (2003) and Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provençal examples written in accordance with "Orthographe de référence B" (see "Orthography" section, below).
Typology & Syntax
* Franco-Provençal is a
* The standard word order for Franco-Provençal is
Morphology
Franco-Provençal has
* Articles have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles agree in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with
Numerals
Franco-Provençal uses a
Many western dialects use a
Word Comparisons
The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.
Between vowels, the Latinate "p" became "v", "c" and "g" became "y", and "t" and "d" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard palatized "c" and "g" before "a". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French.
Franco-Provençal Dialect List
Classification of Franco-Provençal
The dialects are divided into eight distinct categories or groups. Six "dialect groups" comprising 41 "dialect idioms" for the Franco-Provençal language have been identified and documented by Linguasphere Observatory (Observatoire Linguistique) (Dalby, 1999/2000, pp. 402-403). Only two dialect groups – Lyonnaise and Dauphinois-N. – were recorded as having fewer than 1,000 speakers each. Linguasphere has not listed any dialect idiom as "extinct," however, many are highly endangered. A seventh isolated dialect group, Faetar, has been analyzed by Nagy (2000). The Piedmont dialects need further study.
:"Dialect Group" : Dialect Idiom: ("Epicenters / Regional locations")
* "Lyonnaise:" ("France") :: 1. Bressan ("
* "Dauphinois-N.:" ("France"):: 1. Dauphinois-Rhodanien ("
* "Savoyard:" ("France"):: 1. Bessanèis ("
* "
* "Vaudois:" ("Switzerland"):: 1. Vaudois-Intracluster ("Vaud west"), 2. Gruyèrienne ("Fribourg (canton) west"), 3. Enhaut ("
* "Valdôtain:" ("Italy"):: 1. Val-Veni ("
* "Faetar:" ("Italy"):: 1. Faetar ("
* "Piedmont Dialects:" ("Italy"):: (Note: Comparative analyses of dialect idioms in the Piedmont basin of the
Dialect Examples
Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005).
"External links":
* [http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/ellug-010707/livres/atlas/couverture/index.html Atlas linguistique parlant d'une région alpine: Entre francoprovençal et occitan] — Multimedia website from Stendhal University-Grenoble 3 with audio-clips of over 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal
* [http://www2.unine.ch/dialectologie/page9353.html L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand (ALAVAL)] — Multimedia website from the
* [http://www.languesdefranceenchansons.com/ Les Langues de France en chansons: "N'tra Linga e Chanfon"] — Multimedia website with numerous audio clips of native Franco-Provençal speakers singing traditional songs. Select: "Train direct" > scroll to: "Francoprovençal".
Toponyms
Other than in
Italy
*
France
*
*
* Jura: Fraroz, Marnoz, Molamboz, Pagnoz, Saffloz, Vertamboz, Vulvoz, Morez, Lajoux, Le Vaudioux.
*
*
* Rhône: Sermenaz, Jarnioux, Ouroux, Rillieux-la-Pape, Grézieu-la-Varenne, Vénissieux, Meyzieu.
*
*
Switzerland
* Geneva: Athenaz, Bernex, Choulex, Onex, Laconnex, Saconnex, Troinex, Certoux.
* Fribourg: La Brillaz, La Sonnaz, Chesopelloz, Neyruz, Pont-en-Ogoz.
* Neuchâtel: Val-de-Ruz, Brot-Plamboz, Peseux, Le Prévoux.
*
*
Literature
A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists although a prevailing form of written language did not materialize. An early 12th century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about
Among the first historical writings in the language are legal texts by civil law notaries that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the "
Marguerite d'Oingt (ca. 1240–1310),
: § 112 : « "Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit." »
Religious conflicts in Geneva between Calvinist Reformers and staunch
"Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille," | The One above, the Master of the battles, |
"I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro" | They came on the twelfth of December, |
"Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire" | On the blackest night |
Several writers created satirical, moralistic, poetic,comic, and theatrical texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard (1575–1624),
The writings of Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne (1826–1910),
At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional
: ¶ « "Aë-vo jamai ohyi contâ l'istoire du renâ que Dâvid Ronnet a tioua dé s'n otau, à Bouidry ? Vo peuté la craëre, è l'é la pura veurtâ."
: "Dâvid Ronnet êtaë én' écofi, on pou couédet, qu'anmâve grô lé dzeneuillè; el é d-avaë mé d'èna dozân-na, avoué on poui que tsantâve dé viadze à la miné, mâ adé à la lévaye du solet. Quaë subiet de la métsance! mé z-ami ! E réveillive to l'otau, to lo vesenau; nion ne povaë restâ u llie quan le poui à Dâvid se boétàve à rélâ. Ç'tu poui étaë s'n orgoû.
: "Le gran mataë, devan de s'assetâ su sa sulta por tapa son coëur & teri le l'nieu, l'écofi lévâve la tsatire du dzeneuilli por bouèta feur sé dzeneuillé & lé vaër cor dè le néveau. E tsampâve à sé bêté dé gran-nè, de la queurtse, du pan goma dè du lassé, dé cartofiè coûtè, & s'amouésâve à lé vaër medzi, se roba lé pieu bé bocon, s'énoussa por pieu vite s'épyi le dzaifre". (...) »
: ¶ "Have you ever heard (anyone) tell the story of the fox that David Ronnet killed at his house in Boudry? You can believe it; it’s the absolute truth.
:David Ronnet was a cobbler, a bit hardworking, who liked chickens a lot; he had more than a dozen, with a rooster that crowed sometimes to midnight, but always at sunrise. What a racket, my friends! It woke the whole house, the whole neighborhood; no one could stay in bed when David’s rooster began screeching. This rooster was his pride.
:Early in the morning, before sitting at his stool to beat his leather & draw the wooden soles, the cobbler raised the door flap of the henhouse to put his chickens outside & to see them run on the porch. He threw his fowl some seeds, bran, bread soaked in milk, cooked potatoes, & enjoyed watching them eat, taking the biggest mouthfuls, enthusiastically (and) quickly fill their stomachs. (...)"
Prosper Convert (1852–1934), the bard of Bresse; Louis Mercier (1870–1951),
Those with an interest in seeing a familiar work in this rare language, may want to seek out "Lo Petsou Prince", an authorized edition of
: ¶ « "L’y est chouë s-an, dz’ëro restà arrëto pe lo déser ci Sahara. Quaque tsousa se s’ëre rontu dedin lo moteur de mon avion. Et di moman que dz’ayò avouë mè mecanichen, ni passadzë, dze m’apprestavo de tenté, solet, euna reparachon defecila. L’ëre pe mè euna questson de via o de mor. Dz’ayò dzeusto praou d’éve aprë p’euna vouètèina de dzor."
: "La premiëre nët dze me si donque indrumi dessu la sabla a pi de meulle vouet cent et cinquante dou kilométre d’un bocon de terra abitàye. Dz’ëro bien pi isolà d’un nofragà dessu euna plata-fourma i menten de l’ocean. Donque imaginade mina surprèisa, a la pouinte di dzò, quan euna drola de petsouda voéce m’at revèillà. I dijet:"
: "-- Pe plèisi ... féi-mè lo dessin d’un maouton tseque !" »
: ¶ "So I lived by myself, until I had a mechanical failure in the Sahara. Something had broken in the engine of my airplane. And since I had neither a mechanic nor passengers with me, I prepared to try the difficult repair job alone. It was, for me, a matter of life or death. I had only enough drinking water for eight days.
: The first night, then, I went to sleep on the sand a thousand miles from any inhabited land. I was more isolated than a person shipwrecked on a raft in the middle of the ocean. So you can imagine my surprise when, at dawn, a funny little voice awakened me. It said:
: -- "Please ... draw me a sheep!"
The first comic book in a Franco-Provençal dialect, "Le rebloshon que tyouè !" ("The cheese that killed!"), from the "Fanfoué des Pnottas" series by Félix Meynet, appeared in 2000. [Meynet, Félix (Illustrations) & Roman, Pascal (Text). "Le rebloshon que tyouè !". (Translation in Savoyard dialect.) Editions des Pnottas, 2000. ISBN 2-940171-14-9] Two popular works from
ee also
*
*
*
*
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994). "Découvrir les Parlers de Savoie". Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This work presents of one of the commonly used orthographic standards.
* Aebischer, Paul (1950). "Chrestomathie franco-provençale". Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Agard, Frederick B. (1984). "A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View". (Vol. 2). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87-840089-3
* Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi franco-provenzali. "Archivio glottologico italiano", III, pp. 61-120. Article written about 1873.
* Bec, Pierre (1971). "Manuel pratique de philologie romane". (Tome 2, pp. 357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. ISBN 2-70-840288-9 A philological analysis of Franco-Provençal; the Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.
* Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). "Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc". Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-90-270968-4
* Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). "Le patois de Bagnes (Valais)". Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.
* Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). "Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard". Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. [http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf ".pdf"] (in French)
* Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). "Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire". Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aoste: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907)
* Chenal, Aimé (1986). "Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe". Aoste: Musumeci. ISBN 8-87-0322327
* Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1967-1982). "Nouveau Dictionnaire de Patois valdôtain". (12 vol.). Aoste: Éditions Marguerettaz.
* Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). "Nouveau Dictionnaire de Patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois". Aoste: Musumeci. ISBN 8-87-032534-2
* Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph (1982). "Dictionnaire savoyard". Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). ISBN 2-73-480137-X
* Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). "Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture...." (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard.
* Dalby, David (1999/2000). "The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities." (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. ISBN 0-9532919-2-8 See p. 402 for the complete list of 6 groups and 41 idioms of Franco-Provençal dialects.
* Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). "Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France." (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. ISBN 2-85-023076-6
* Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallée, F. (1935). "Les patois du Dauphiné". (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionary, grammar, & linguistic atlas of the Terres-Froides region.
* Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). "Le patois de Tignes". Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84-310011-9
* Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969). "Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux". Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-22212-260
* Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). "Jean Chapelon 1647-1694, Œuvres complètes". Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne.
* Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier. "Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958".
* Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). "Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais". Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-22-202857-4
* EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). [http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html Francoprovençal in Italy, "The Euromosaic Study".] Last update: 4 February 2005.
* Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse. "Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960". Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). "Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez". Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères.
* Gex, Amélie (1986). "Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie". (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. ISBN 2-86-677036-6
* Gex, Amélie (1999). "Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village". (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original work published, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). ISBN 2-73-480399-2
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Fifteenth edition. Dallas: SIL International/Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 1-55-671159-X Online version: [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue]
* Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). "Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman". Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod.
* Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. "Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002". Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. ISSN 0184-77-83. Monthly newsletter in English, from [http://www.ined.fr INED]
* Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). "Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes". Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie.
* Humbert, Jean (1983). "Nouveau Glossaire genevois." Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). ISBN 2-83-210172-0
* Jochnowitz, George (1973). "Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal". Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 9-02-792480-5
* Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), "Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie" (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 3-87808997X
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). "Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie". (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-22-202192-8 (cf.
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). "Le Francoprovençal de poche". Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. ISBN 2-70-050351-1
* Martinet, André (1956). "La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie)". Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard.
* Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). "Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes". Neuchâtel & Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz.
* Melillo, Michele (1974), "Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata", "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp. 80-95
* Meune, Manuel (2007). "Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux". Québec: Laval University. Article in French from [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/monde/franco-provencal.htm TLFQ]
* Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). "Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto". (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 8-87-694166-5
* Morosi, Giacomo (1890-92), "Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale", "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp. 33-75
* Nagy, Naomi (2000). "Faetar". Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-548-6
* Nelde, Peter H. (1996). "Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union". Luxembourg: European Commission. ISBN 92-827-5512-6 See: EUROPA, 2005.
* "Nizier du Puitspelu" (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (1999). "Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement". Lyon: D. Devillez. ISBN 2-84-147094-6 (Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionary.
* Pierrehumbert, William (1926). "Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand". Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger.
* Price, Glanville (1998). "Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe". Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19286-7
* Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). "A Guide to the World's Languages". (Vol. 1: "Classification"). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-80-471250-6 Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.
* Schüle, Ernest (1978), "Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie", in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi.
* Stich, Dominique (2003). "Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée". (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. ISBN 2-90-815015-8 This work includes the current orthographic standard for the language.
* Stich, Dominique (1998). "Parlons francoprovençal: Une langue méconnue". Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan. ISBN 2-73-847203-6 This work includes the former orthographic standard, "Orthographe de référence A (ORA)".
* Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.). "Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France". (Vol. 1: "Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées"). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp. 188-207.
* Tuallion, Gaston (2002). "La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700". Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84310-029
* Viret, Roger (2001). "Patois du pays de l'Albanais: Dictionnaire savoyarde-français". (2nd ed.). Cran-Gévrier: L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier. ISBN 2-951214-62-6 Dictionary and grammar for the dialect in the Albanais region, which includes Annecy and Aix-les-Bains.
* Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). "Le Parler lyonnais". (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot & Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-701-2
* Wartburg, Walter von (1928-2003). "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. ("FEW")". (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionary of Gallo-Roman languages and dialects.
External links
"Language": (EN) "English", (FP) "Franco-Provençal", (FR) "French", (IT) "Italian".
* [http://lengoua.arpitana.googlepages.com/loslimsarpitans "On-line directory regularly updated"]
Dictionaries & glossaries
* [http://notre.savoie.free.fr/fplex.htm Liga de la Savouè: "Lexique"] Two glossaries: French/Francoprovençal and Francoprovençal/French based on the standard "ORA" of Dominique Stich, in zip files containing MS Word docs.
* [http://books.google.fr/books?id=lhQJAAAAQAAJ Pierre-Moïse Callet: "Glossaire vaudois" (1861)] Glossary: Vaudois dialect/French, digitized book (complete); also available from: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50484z Gallica (BnF)]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=X-gSAAAAMAAJ Pierre Duplay: "La Clà do Parlâ Gaga" (1896)] Dictionary & grammar: Stéphanois dialect/French, digitized book (complete).
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=poACAAAAQAAJ Jean-Baptiste Onofrio: "Essai d'un glossaire des patois de Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais" (1864)] Glossary: Lyonnaise region dialects/French, digitized book (complete).
* [http://aca.arpitania.eu/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf Roger Viret: "Dikchonéro Fransé-Savoyâ / Dictionnaire français-savoyard" (2006)] Dictionary: French to Savoyard, pp. 1,754, PDF.
* [http://mc42.free.fr/patois.htm Louis-Pierre Gras: "Le dictionnaire du patois forézien" (1863)] Dictionary and grammar: Forezian dialect/French, database.
* [http://parlerlyon.free.fr/html/dico.htm "Parler Lyon"] Glossary: Lyonnais dialect/French.
* [http://www.electriccafe.org/dauphinois "Le nouveau Lexique Dauphinois"] Glossary: Northern Dauphinois dialect/French.
* [http://www.mermet.info/dicomignovil.html "Particularités du langage de Mignovillard et des environs"] Glossary: Jurassian dialect/French.
* [http://www.topio.ch/dico.html Topio.ch: "Un petit lexique Vaudois"] Glossary: Vaudois dialect/French.
* [http://patois.vivant.free.fr/ "Patois Vivant"] Language and traditions of Forez. (FP) (FR)
* [http://dialectes-bourguignons.over-blog.com/article-3866417.html Burgundia Dictionnaires: "Bressan"] Glossaries, grammar, texts, expressions: Bressan Oïl & Bressan Franco-Provençal/French .
* [http://babel.lexilogos.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1659&start Lexilogos Project Babel: "Dictionnaire bressan francoprovençal"] Glossary: French/Bressan dialect.
* [http://www.museeduchapeau.com/index5.htm Atelier-Musée du Chapeau: "Notre “Patois”"] , 1,000 words and expressions from Chazelles-sur-Lyon (Loire). Select: Patrimoine > patois chazellois.
* [http://www.freelang.com/dictionnaire/arpitan.html Dictionnaire Freelang: "Arpitan Savoyard-Français"] Glossary: Savoyard dialect/French (database).
* [http://www.dialettando.com/ Dialettando.com] Italian to Italian dialects, including Franco-Provençal of Valle d’Aosta, dictionary and proverbs.
* [http://henrysuter.ch/glossaires/patois.html Henry Suter: "Termes régionaux de Suisse romande et de Savoie"] Dictionary: Suisse-Romande and Savoyard/French.
* [http://henrysuter.ch/glossaires/toponymes.html Henry Suter: "Noms de lieux de Suisse romande, Savoie et environs"] Etymology of place names. (FR)
Language, literature, & analysis
* [http://www.patwe.ch/ Patwe.ch: "Le Patois de Savièse"] Virtual classes for learning the dialect of Savièse, Valais (Switzerland). (FP) (FR)
* [http://notre.savoie.free.fr/defaultv2_f.htm Liga de la Savouè: "Apprendre le francoprovençal"] 15 lessons for learning the dialect of Savoy (France). (FP) (FR)
* [http://amisdeguignol.free.fr/texte/langue.htm Amis de Lyon et de Guignol: "Parler Lyonnaise"] Friends of Lyon and Guignol. Course offerings and "certificates of learning" for the Lyonnaise dialect since 1998. (FR)
* [http://www.unh.edu/linguistics/faitare/faitare.htm University of New Hampshire (USA): "Parlanne Faitare!"] Lessons and topics for learning the Faetar dialect, (Italy). (FP) (EN)
* [http://www.provincia.torino.it/cultura/minoranze/dwd/proverbi.pdf Provencia di Torino: "1000 Proverbi in 4 versioni"] 1,000 proverbs in 4 languages. (FP) (FR) (IT)
* [http://www.aostavalley.com/PV/lofra.htm Région autonome Vallée d’Aoste: "La littérature orale"] Proverbs, songs, and legends in Valdôtain dialect (Italy). (FR) (FP)
* [http://litterature01.chez-alice.fr/Auteurs-Alpha.html Robert Ferraris: "Toutes les littératures des pays de l’Ain"] Historical & contemporary authors of Ain (France); includes Franco-Provençal writers. (FR)
* [http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bonaffini/DP/cerlogne.htm Giuseppe Zoppelli: "Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne"] CUNY, Brooklyn (USA). Article about Cerlogne with his poetry. (EN) (FP)
* [http://www.rene-merle.com/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=2 René Merle: "Études historiques-Études sociolinguistiques (domaine occitan et francoprovençal)"] Abstracts of published works by René Merle on Franco-Provençal topics. (FR)
* [http://web.tiscalinet.it/salingua/franco.htm Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Romania Minor: "Biblio francoprovençal"] Complutensian University of Madrid (Spain). 'Romania Minor' (European minor languages project), a comprehensive Franco-Provençal bibliography.
* [http://vieux.saint.etienne.club.fr/tintinparlegaga.htm "Tintin parle gaga, survol de cinq siècles de littérature en parler forézien".] Exposition catalogue in PDF, Musée des Amis du Vieux Saint-Étienne (France). (FR)
Institutional sites
* [http://www.cefp.it/ Centre d’Études francoprovençales “René Willien” (CEFP)] Center for Franco-Provençal Studies, Saint-Nicolas, Aosta (Italy). (FR) (IT)
* [http://www.scuole.vda.it/Ecole/66/06.htm "Le BREL un éventail de ressources"] BREL: Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics (Italy). Article by the director. (FR)
* [http://www.cesdomeo.it/ Ce.S.Do.Me.O., Centro Studi e Documentazione della Memoria Orale] Study Center for the Documentation of Oral Memory, Giaglione/Jaillons (Italy). (IT)
* [http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp Fondation Émile Chanoux: "Sondage linguistique"] Émile Chanoux Foundation, Aosta (Italy). Minority ethnolinguistics poll of the Aosta Valley. (FR) (IT)
* [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm Université Laval: "Val-d'Aoste"] Laval University, Québec (Canada). Expansive article about minority languages in the Aosta Valley, including links to full texts of language laws and statutes. (FR) (IT)
* [http://www2.unine.ch/dialectologie/ Université de Neuchâtel, Centre de dialectologie et d'étude du français régional] University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland), Center for dialectology and regional languages. Information via keyword search on: "francoprovençal". (FR)
* [http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/dialecto/ Université Stendhal-Grenoble 3, Centre de Dialectologie de Grenoble (CDG)] Stendhal University-Grenoble 3 (France), Dialectology Center of Grenoble. (FR)
* [http://son.memovs.ch/S024/doc/page_patois.htm Archives des parlers patois de la Suisse Romande et des régions voisines] Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) sound archive of more than 1,500 radio broadcasts from 1952 to 1992 in Franco-Provençal. (FR) (FP)
* [http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Redbook/index.html "UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe"] , compiled by Tapani Salminen. Last update: 31 December 1995. (EN)
* [http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/english/press/italy.htm Mercator-Media: "Italy"] University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK). Publishing report, minority languages in Italy; Francoprovençal. (EN)
* [http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/index-gb.htm Mercator-Legislation: "Linguistic Rights and Legislation"] CIEMEN, Barcelona (Spain). Go to: General Information about Languages > (by language) Francoprovençal. (EN)
Ethnic & cultural sites
* [http://www.arpitania.eu "Le Portail de l'Arpitanie"] , Fribourg (Switzerland) and Rochetaillée (France). (FR) (IT) (FP) (EN)
* [http://aca.arpitania.eu Aliance Culturèla Arpitana] , Fribourg (Switzerland) and Rochetaillée (France). (FR) (FP) (EN)
* [http://arpitania.forumactif.com Forum.Arpitania.eu Forum] Arpitan message boards. Aliance culturèla arpitana, Fribourg (Switzerland) and Rochetaillée (France). (FR) (FP)
* [http://www.francoprovenzale.it/ Francoprovenzale.it] EFFEPI: Association of the Franco-Provençal Minority in Piedmont, Ronco Canavese (Italy). (IT) (FR) (FP)
* [http://notre.savoie.free.fr/ Liga de la Savouè (La Ligue savoisienne)] Savoy League, Annecy-le-Vieux, Haute-Savoie (France). Political outreach group. General information about history and culture of Savoy. (EN) (FP) (FR) (IT)
* [http://www.espritvaldotain.org/sito/pag/notrepays/patois.htm Esprit Valdôtain: "Notre pays"] Association for the promotion of Valdôtain identity, Aosta (Italy). (FR)
* [http://digilander.libero.it/tapazovaldoten/musica_popolare_tradizionale_valle_aosta.html "Tapazovaldoten"] Traditional popular music of Valle d'Aosta - scores & sound files. (FP) (IT) (FR)
* [http://maisonbarberine.over-blog.com/categorie-187510.html Le Musée de la Maison de Barberine: "Patois/Etymologie"] Musée Vallorcin, Vallorcine, Haute-Savoie (France). Articles in Savoyard (Chamoniard) dialect and on ethnographic topics. (FP) (FR)
* [http://www.lyoba.ch/patois/index.htm Lyoba.ch: "Rencontre du patois"] Articles in Fribourgeois/Gruyèrienne dialect (Switzerland), general topics, and message board. (FP) (FR)
* [http://nontra.lingua.free.fr/ Association "Les Amis du francoprovençal en Pays lyonnais" : "Nontra lingua"] Publisher of "Lo Creuseu", Yzeron, Rhône (France). Links to quarterly publications since April 2003 appear at bottom of page. (FR) (FP)
* [http://www.prolocofaeto.it/ Pro Loco Faeto] Language and culture of Faeto (Italy). (FP) (IT)
* [http://www.celledisanvito.com/ Celle di San Vito, Colonia Francoprovenzale] Cultural Association, Franco-Provençal orthography guide, history, and broad range of local information, Celle di San Vito (Italy). (FP) (IT)