Kurt Becher

Kurt Andreas Ernst Becher (September 12, 1909 – August, 1995) was an SS "Untersturmführer" (lieutenant) and later a "Standartenführer" (colonel) who was active in Hungary during the German occupation in 1944. He is best known for having traded Jewish lives for money during the Holocaust.

SS Background

Becher was born to a wealthy family. He testified during the Nuremberg Trials that he had joined the SS because from 1932 he had been actively engaged in horseback riding, and in 1934, his instructor had advised him to enter the SS cavalry regiment (the "Reiter-SS"). Hannah Arendt suggests that the only reason Becher stressed this story was that the Nuremberg Tribunal had excluded the "Reiter-SS" from its list of criminal organizations.Arendt, Hannah. "Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil", first published 1963, this edition Penguin Books, 1994. p. 141.]

Becher served as an SS Major in Poland and Russia, as part of the "SS-Totenkopfverbände", which perfected the techniques for killing Jews. He was appointed Commissar of all German concentration camps, and Chief of the Economic Department of the SS Command in Hungary, by Heinrich Himmler. The "Economic Department" was tasked with extracting maximal economic value from Jews, which included confiscating goods and property, and selling or using belongings and body parts, including shorn hair and gold extracted from teeth.Hecht, Ben. "Perfidy", Milah Press, 1999, pp. 67-68.]

In Hungary

Becher became the main buyer of horses for the SS and, according to his own testimony, was sent to Hungary in March 1944, when Germany invaded that country, to buy 20,000 horses. Arendt writes that this story is unlikely to be true, because as soon as he arrived in Budapest, he began to engage in a series of negotiations with the heads of several large Jewish business concerns. Arendt, p. 142.] His later actions showed that his goal was rather to extort as much wealth as possible from Hungary's Jews on behalf of Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS.

From 1944 to 1945, Becher collected large sums of money, jewellery, and precious metals, worth an estimated 8,600,000 Swiss francs, from Hungarian Jews, a portion of which travelled with him in six large suitcases, in what became known as the "Becher Deposit". [Zweig, Ronald W. "The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Looting of Hungary", Harper Collins, 2002, p. 223.] In January 1945, he was appointed as Special Reich Commissioner for all the concentration camps by Himmler. [PDFlink| [http://www1.yadvashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205978.pdf "Becher, Kurt"] |26.1 KiB "Yad Vashem", retrieved May 8, 2006] He was arrested in May, 1945 by the Allies and imprisoned at Nuremberg but was not prosecuted as a war criminal, serving only as a witness [ [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-11/tgmwc-11-106-08.shtml "Statement from Kurt Becher"] , The Trial of German Major War Criminals, sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, April 4-15, 1946, The Nizkor Project] during the Nuremberg Trials, as a result of a statement provided on his behalf by Rudolf Kastner, a leading member of the Jewish Aid and Rescue Committee in Hungary. Kastner was assassinated in Israel in March 1957 in connection with allegations that providing such a statement indicated he was a Nazi collaborator.

The Becher Deposit was eventually sold for $55,000, far less than its estimated value. Some of the discrepancy was due to the hyperinflation which made the Hungarian pengő worthless after the war, [Zweig, Ronald W. "The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Looting of Hungary", Harper Collins, 2002, p. 230.] but the Hungarian officials had already confiscated most of the cash and foreign currency held by Jews, so most passengers paid "in the form of jewelry, gold (gold jewelry, gold bullions and Napoleon gold ), platinum, precious stones, and other valuables." Kadar, Gabor, and Vagi, Zoltan. "Self-financing Genocide: The Gold Train, the Becher Case, and the Wealth of Hungarian Jews". Central European University Press, 2004, p. 213.] Dagobert Arian of the Jewish Agency suggested that Becher had hidden most of his loot before he was captured, and that this explained the difference. [Zweig, Ronald W. "The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Looting of Hungary", Harper Collins, 2002, p. 231.]

Historian Yehuda Bauer writes that Becher is known to have had specific Jewish treasures in his possession, which came from payments made to him by the Aid and Rescue Committee, and from property he had confiscated in Hungary. Of the pieces of luggage that made up the Becher Deposit, Becher gave one piece to Moshe Schweiger (an associate of Rudolf Kastner), who had been released from Mauthausen specifically to take possession of the case. On May 24, 1945, Subsection B of the 215th American Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) detachment found 18.7 pounds of gold, 4.4 pounds of platinum, and some jewelry hidden under beds in a house Becher had been living in, Bauer, Yehuda. "Jews for sale: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945". Yale University Press, 1994, p. 240] and on May 30, the suitcase Becher had given to Schweiger was handed over to the CIC. Bauer, Yehuda. "Jews for sale: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945". Yale University Press, 1994, p. 239] On June 25, some other Jewish refugees Becher had been using as couriers handed in gold and paper shares.

Postwar activities

After the war, Becher became a prosperous businessmanArendt, Hannah. "Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil", first published 1963, this edition Penguin Books, 1994. p. 141] in Bremen. He was the president of many corporations, including the Cologne-Handel Gesellschaft, which did extensive business with the Israeli government.Hecht, p. 84.] By 1960 he was one of the wealthiest men in West Germany, with estimated assets of $US 30 million. [Hecht, p. 259, footnote 48.] He came to public attention once again in 1961 when he served as a witness for the prosecution during the trial in Jerusalem of SS officer Adolf Eichmann. [ [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Testimony-Abroad/"The Testimony of Kurt Becher"] , Trial of Adolf Eichmann, The Nizkor Project] He provided his testimony from his home in Germany, because he was unwilling to travel to Israel.

He died a wealthy man. [Zweig, Ronald W. "The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Looting of Hungary", Harper Collins, 2002, p. 232.]

ee also

*Joel Brand
*Rudolf Kastner
*Kastner train
*Aid and Rescue Committee
*Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl
*Rudolf Vrba
*Alfred Wetzler
*Adolf Eichmann
*History of the Jews in Hungary
*Auschwitz concentration camp
*The Holocaust

Notes

References

* [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-11/tgmwc-11-106-08.shtml "Statement from Kurt Becher] , The Trial of German Major War Criminals, Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, April 4-15, 1946, The Nizkor Project
* [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Testimony-Abroad/Kurt_Becher-01.html "The Testimony of Kurt Becher"] , Trial of Adolf Eichmann, The Nizkor Project
*PDFlink| [http://www1.yadvashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205978.pdf "Becher, Kurt"] |26.1 KiB "Yad Vashem", retrieved May 8, 2006
*Arendt, Hannah. "Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil", first published 1963, this edition Penguin Books, 1994. ISBN 0-14-018765-0
*Bauer, Yehuda. "Jews for sale: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945". Yale University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-300-06852-2
*Kadar, Gabor, and Vagi, Zoltan. "Self-financing Genocide: The Gold Train, the Becher Case, and the Wealth of Hungarian Jews". Central European University Press, 2004. ISBN 963-9241-53-9
*Hecht, Ben. "Perfidy", Milah Press, first published in 1961; this edition 1999. ISBN 0-9646886-3-8
*Zweig, Ronald W. "The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Looting of Hungary". Harper Collins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-620956-0
* Patzwall, Klaus D. and Scherzer, Veit. "Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 - 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II". Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, 2001. ISBN 3-931533-45-X.

Further reading

*Hilberg, Raul. "The Destruction of the European Jews", first published in 1961, this edition Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-09557-0

External links

* [http://www.holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu/images/portraits/becher.jpgPicture of Kurt Becher]