Bravo Two Zero

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict= First Gulf War,1991
partof=the Gulf War


caption=
date= 22 January 1991
place= Baghdad,Iraq
result= British victory
combatant1=Britain
combatant2=Iraq
commander1=Andy McNab
commander2=Saddam Hussein
strength1=8
strength2=200
casualties1= 4 Captured/3 killed/1 escaped
casualties2= 200 Iraqi Army Soldiers

Bravo Two Zero (B20) was the callsign of an eight-man, British Army SAS patrol during the First Gulf War, 1991. The patrol was tasked with observing the Main Supply Route (MSR) between Baghdad and north-west Iraq, along with locating and destroying Scud missile launchers, and their fibre optic communication lines. The patrol is perhaps famous for one member, Chris Ryan, walking 300 km (almost 200 miles) over eight days to reach the safety of Syria, along with the capture and torture of Andy McNab. Chris Ryan is said to have lost over 36 lbs (16 kg) of body weight during this escape. The patrol is the subject of several books and two television movies. However, the accounts given by three members of the team, Ryan, and Andy McNab the team leader, and Mike Coburn, do not always correspond, leading to accusations of lying. The names of the team members are changed to protect their identity. For his conduct in the mission, McNab was decorated with the Distinguished Conduct Medal and Ryan with a Military Medal.

Summary

Of the eight SAS Troopers who deployed into Iraq, only five returned. Dropped into the infamous "Scud Alley" carrying 210 pound (almost 100 kilo) back packs, McNab and his men soon found themselves surrounded by the enemy. Their radios failed to work; the weather was brutally cold; they had been spotted, resulting in the mission being compromised. The heavy 150 lb (50 kg) 319 Satcom radios, said to work over a distance of 500 km, needed to be relayed to an AWAC within 200 km; what the patrol did not know was that the closest AWAC was over the Greek sea, about 700 km away. The Bergens they carried had two full water bottles, enough ready to eat, boil in the bag rations to last the duration of the patrol and medical kits, as well as their assault rifles and light machine guns (ArmaLite Colt Commando M230'ss featuring an M203 Grenade launchers and FN Minimi LMGs), "66" Anti Tank launchers. Three patrol members died, and four were tortured and interrogated, because of the lack of adequate equipment and misinformation about geographical terrain and target locations.

The patrol

Insertion

After staging out a forward base in Saudi Arabia, the eight man team known as Bravo Two Zero was inserted into Iraq by a Chinook helicopter on the night of January 22, 1991. Sergeant Andy McNab, the patrol leader, claims the team moved across 20 km (over 12 miles) of Iraqi desert and stumbled across a wadi (dry river bed) in which to hide during the day, but eye witness accounts and later re-creations suggests a distance of only 2 km. Mike Coburn's account also suggests that the patrol was dropped far closer to their intended location due to a navigational error by the Royal Air Force. Asher's account says that the local Bedouin heard the Chinook helicopter landing as it deployed Bravo Two Zero, such was its proximity something which Coburn highlights as a particular concern to the patrol.

Soon after they were in position the patrol realised that they had severe communications problems. Repeated attempts on the patrol radio and later on satellite communication (equipment whose use was intended to be extremely limited due to the perceived skills of direction finding by Iraqi forces) failed to make any reliable contact. It would later transpire that they had been issued with the incorrect radio frequencies for the area (the ones they were supplied were for Kuwait City) due to an error. Former SAS Regimental Sergeant Major Peter Ratcliffe lays the blame for the incorrect frequencies on patrol leader McNab as it was ultimately his responsibility to confirm that they had the correct frequencies before leaving on patrol.

Discovery

The patrol believed that it was stumbled upon by a young goatherd who escaped and then reported their position to the Iraqi authorities. Believing themselves thus compromised the patrol decided to exfiltrate, leaving behind excess kit. As they were preparing to leave they heard what they at first thought was a tank begin to approach their wadi position. The patrol took up defensive positions as best they could (preparing M72 LAW anti-tank rockets) and waited for it to come into sight. Once it did it became clear that the 'tank' in fact was a bulldozer, driven by a local man, which reversed rapidly and clumsily away from the patrol once it had sight of them. Realising that they now had definitely been compromised the patrol quickly withdrew from their position, following the course of the wadi away from their position. Shortly afterwards, as they were exfiltrating, a firefight with Iraqi armoured vehicles and other forces developed, although the nature and size of this contact is hotly disputed.

Michael Asher interviewed the Bedouin family that said they discovered the patrol. They claimed that the young shepherd (not goatherd, as they only have sheep not goats) was near the patrol, but never saw them and that they were in fact only spotted a short while later by one of the men on the bulldozer. The family weren't sure who the men were and followed them a short distance, eventually firing several warning shots on the patrol - whereupon the SAS team returned fire and evacuated. For Asher, the terrain and position of the Iraqi military would seem to support this version of events and excludes an attack by Iraqi soldiers and/or armoured personnel carriers as claimed by McNab. However, Coburn at least partly supports some of McNab's details, specifically the presence of one Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC), and describes coming under fire from a 12.7 mm DShK heavy machine gun and numerous Iraqi soldiers, additionally describing the presence of two white, Toyota-style pick-up trucks. In regard to the presence of Iraqi armour, Ryan's account says 'Somehow, I missed that.' but also suggests a sizeable and intense firefight in which he estimated that he'd fired some 70 rounds.

Emergency pickup

According to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). in the case of emergency or no radio contact, known as a 'Lost Comms Procedure' the patrol return to the original infiltration point where a helicopter would again pick them up 24 hours after the original insertion. This was complicated by the apparently incorrect location of the initial landing site. The team reached the designated emergency pickup point, but the helicopter never appeared. Sergeant Major Ratcliffe later revealed that this was due to an illness the pilot suffered "en route".

Meanwhile, allied aircraft were aware of the patrol's dilemma and unable to raise them, but flew many sorties in the last known position of the team and expected exfiltration route in attempt to locate them and hinder attempts by Iraqi troops trying to capture them.

Exfiltration route

Before any mission the teams decide upon an exfiltration route should something go wrong. Such plans are filed before the mission so that rescue efforts can later be coordinated along this route. The plans filed by the team indicated a southerly route to Saudi Arabia. Instead the lightly-equipped patrol began a gruelling march of nearly 300 km (over 186 miles) to exfiltrate northwest to the Syrian border while trying to avoid the perceived efforts of the Iraqis to locate them. Coburn's account, however, suggests that during the pre-planning phase of the mission, Syria was the agreed upon destination should an escape plan need to be implemented. He also suggests that this was on the advice of the Officer Commanding of B Squadron at that time.

According to Ratcliffe, this change in plan nullified all efforts over the following days by allied forces to locate and rescue the team. Andy McNab has also been criticised for refusing advice from superiors to include vehicles in the mission (to be left at an emergency pickup point) which would have facilitated an easier exfiltration. Another S.A.S. team successfully employed Land Rovers in this role when they also had to abandon a similar mission. However, it is also suggested that the patrol jointly agreed not to take vehicles because they felt they were too few in number and too small (only short-wheel base Land Rovers were available) to be of use and were ill-suited to a mission that was intended to be conducted from a fixed observation post.

eparation

During the night - whilst trying to raise a passing, high-altitude Coalition aircraft via TACBE emergency beacons - the team became separated after losing contact due to a miscommunication. The patrol was thus split into two groups. Despite attempts the two parts of the patrol were unable to locate each other again in worsening weather conditions. Both separate groups continued to implement their Escape and Evasion plan whilst experiencing unexpectedly harsh freezing weather, including snowstorms. The teams were ill-equipped for the cold winter nights of this desert region carrying only their belt order, due to having ditched their bergens (rucksacks) and thus the majority of their kit during the firefight as they exfiltrated from the wadi position.

The cold weather would eventually contribute to the death of two team members - Vincent Phillips and Stephen Lane. A third, Robert Consiglio, was killed in a firefight with Iraqi troops or police. Other surviving SAS members (some of whom had undergone Arctic Warfare training in Norway) would subsequently claim that the conditions were amongst the coldest they had ever had to endure. The death of Phillips, a veteran of a number of these Arctic Warfare courses, indicates the severity of the conditions with which both groups had to contend.

Corporal Chris Ryan led a group of three, which included the more senior Sergeant Vincent Phillips, who was already beginning to suffer with hypothermia. McNab led the other group of five. Ryan's group was bolstered by the presence of Night Viewing Aid in the form of a Kite Sight.

Capture

The larger of the two groups, led by McNab, commandeered a taxi to get closer to the border, but had to abandon it at a checkpoint. It was later found out instead of leaving the drivers of the taxi on the side of the road as McNab's account says, the driver drove them to the check point and also instead of shooting their way through the wood box around the check point and get the driver to pick them up on the other side. The driver alerted the police.Of this group, one died of exposure, one was shot and killed and three were captured. In Ryan's group, Phillips died of exposure and the other member ('Stan') was captured after soliciting help from a shepherd. Only Ryan reached Syria after a remarkable eight days of evasion, suffering from exhaustion, starvation and dehydration.

The captured soldiers were moved numerous times, enduring torture and interrogation at each successive location. They were last held at Abu Ghraib Prison before their release.

Patrol members

Except as noted, these names are pseudonyms or nicknames used by McNab and subsequent authors.

*Andy McNab DCM MM (pseudonym)– former Royal Green Jackets, captured by the enemy later released. Currently security advisor/lecturer and best-selling author, including "Bravo Two Zero".

*Chris Ryan MM (pseudonym) – former 23(R) SAS, the only member of the patrol to escape capture, now a security advisor and best-selling author of "The One That Got Away".

*Bob Consiglio MM (real name) – former Royal Marine. Killed by enemy fire in the line of duty.

*Steve "Legs" Lane MM (real name) – former Parachute regiment. Died of hypothermia during action.

*Vincent Phillips (real name) – former Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Died of hypothermia during action. DOD 26/1/91 Age: 36.

*"Dinger" – former Parachute Regiment. Captured by the enemy, later released.

*Malcolm "Stan/Mal" McGowan (real name) – captured by the enemy, later released.

*Mike Coburn (pseudonym) aka "Mark the Kiwi" – captured by the enemy and later released. Currently living in New Zealand and author of "Soldier Five".

Literary accounts

*The first public mention of the patrol was in the autobiography of Lieutenant-General Peter de la Billière, the commander of the British Forces during the Gulf War. The autobiography entitled "Looking for Trouble: SAS to Gulf Command - The Autobiography" (ISBN 0-00-637983-4), only mentioned Bravo Two Zero in passing, but it broke the ground for further books to be written on the patrol.

*The leader of the patrol published an account of the patrol in a book titled "Bravo Two Zero" (ISBN 0-440-21880-2) under the pseudonym Andy McNab.

*Soon, Chris Ryan published another account, "The One That Got Away" (ISBN 0-09-946015-7). It criticized McNab's leadership of the patrol and was particularly hostile in tone to the conduct of Vince Phillips. In a later TV appearance Ryan (and perhaps in partial retraction) may have alluded to Phillips' memory saying he had once seen 'a very brave man' dying of hypothermia.

*Both the above accounts are critiqued in a book by SAS reservist veteran Michael Asher, "The Real Bravo Two Zero" (ISBN 0-304-36554-8), where in post-war Iraq, he followed the path of the patrol and interviewed local Iraqis who witnessed the events.

*A further account, "Soldier Five" by Mike Coburn (ISBN 1-84018-907-X), published in 2004, aimed to "set the story straight", especially with reference to criticism of some of the deceased team members in previous publications.

*The ex-SAS warrant officer 'Gaz Hunter' (pseudonym) was the leader of B Squadron SAS at the time of the Gulf War, and wrote about it in his autobiography "The Shooting Gallery". In particular he criticises the way that he and his fellow B Squadron staff sergeant were sent to Colombia to help the Colombian military in combating the drug cartels while their squadron was sent to the Gulf without them.

*W A Harbinson under the writing pseudonym Shaun Clarke presents a strikingly similar story to that told in the accounts of Andy McNab and Chris Ryan in the first book of his "factoid" SAS adventure series (ISBN 1-898125-00-7) entitled "Soldier A SAS: Behind Iraqi Lines". Given that the factoid-novel was published in the same year as McNab's Bravo Two Zero account and two years prior to Ryan's version, the details found within Clarke's version are somewhat curious. Biographic details regarding Clarke/Harbinson does not enlighten the discussion as to how details seemingly specific to the Bravo Two Zero patrol appear in a fictional novel released in the same year as the first popularly received account by McNab, when the detailed events would not be common knowledge. The publishing dates for the accounts also present problems, for McNab's version first appeared in October of 1993 [ [http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/m/andy-mcnab/bravo-two-zero.htm Bravo Two Zero by Andy McNab ] ] , while Soldier A was first published in July of 1993 [ [http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/c/shaun-clarke/behind-iraqi-lines.htm Behind Iraqi Lines: Soldier A SAS (Soldier, book 1) by Shaun Clarke ] ] Events that seem to be one in the same include: The crossing of the Euphrates and subsequent death of "Legs" Lane in a hut nearby; the drinking of radioactive/contaminated water by a lone SAS member running for Syria; the patrol being split into 3 and 5; the group of 3 splitting up after one dies of hypothermia, and the incident regarding that member thinking his hands had turned black, when he was indeed wearing gloves; the remaining two of that group splitting up after one decides to follow a goat-herder. Of course not all the events are mirrored, but the parallels are numerous enough to raise a certain curiosity.

Film accounts

*Chris Ryan's book was turned into a TV film (ITV Production), also entitled "The One That Got Away", in 1996. It was directed by Paul Greengrass, director of the films "United 93" and "Bloody Sunday".
*A TV movie (BBC Production), "Bravo Two Zero", based on the Andy McNab book followed in 1998, starring Sean Bean and directed by Tom Clegg.

Controversy

The events of the patrol are disputed since the facts in two books written by two members of the team, Andy McNab and Chris Ryan do not always correspond. Their accounts have been criticised by a third member of the team, Mike Coburn, in a book titled "Soldier Five: The Real Truth About the Bravo Two Zero Mission". Michael Asher, himself a former SAS reservist, travelled to Iraq to interview witnesses and recreate the patrol. His findings were published in a book titled "The Real Bravo Two Zero: The Truth Behind Bravo Two Zero" and he also raises serious questions of the accounts given by both McNab and Ryan.

Most of the controversy surrounds the blame placed on one team member, Vince Phillips, for the discovery of the patrol, particularly by Chris Ryan. Eyewitness accounts by the Bedouin family that discovered the team and contradictions in the accounts by McNab and Ryan seem to refute this claim. Surviving members of the patrol (whilst still serving with the regiment) were later permitted by the S.A.S. to write to the Phillips family rejecting Ryan's accusations and condemnations of Vincent Phillips. Both Asher and Coburn are quite specific that a significant factor in the writing of their accounts of the patrol was the desire to exonerate the reputation of Phillips who was a popular and greatly experienced soldier.

It is also accepted that McNab and Ryan (to a lesser extent) exaggerated the size of enemy forces and number of enemies killed. By most accounts they never encountered military opposition only exchanging fire occasionally with police or civilians – albeit commonly armed with AK-47s. However, Coburn's account does suggest that the patrol endured a brisk contact after it was compromised and began exfiltrating from their wadi position. Coburn also agrees that they came under fire from a distant S-60 (57mm) anti-aircraft position, a claim which the Bedouin rejected. According to Coburn the incoming rounds were identified as such by "Dinger" who had experienced them before (in a ground attack role) whilst fighting in the Falklands Conflict as a member of the Parachute Regiment.

References

*cite book
last = Asher
first = Michael
title = The Real Bravo Two Zero: The Truth Behind Bravo Two Zero
year = 2002
publisher = Cassell military
isbn = 978-0304365548

External links

* [http://www.andymcnab.co.uk Andy McNab Official Website]