Wayuu

infobox ethnic group


group = Wayuu
poptime = approx. 293,777 in Venezuela (2001 Census)
approx. 144,003 in Colombia (1997)
popplace = La Guajira Peninsula
COL and VEN
langs = Wayuu language
rels = Traditional
related = Arawak group

Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro) is an Amerindian ethnic group of the La Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela. They are part of the Maipurean (Arawak) linguistic family.

Geography

The Wayuu inhabit the arid La Guajira Peninsula straddling the Venezuela-Colombia border, on the Caribbean Sea coast. Two major rivers flow through this mostly harsh environment; the Rancheria River in Colombia and the El Limon River in Venezuela representing the main source of water, along with artificial ponds designed to hold rain water during the rain season.

The territory has equatorial weather seasons: a rainy season from September to December, which they call "Juyapu"; a dry season, known by them as "Jemial", from December to April; a second rainy season called "Iwa" from April to May; and a long second dry season from May to September.

History

The Guajira rebellion

The Wayuu had never been subjugated by the Spanish. The two groups were in a more or less permanent state of war. There had been rebellions in 1701 (when they destroyed a Capuchin mission), 1727 (when more than 2,000 Indians attacked the Spanish), 1741, 1757, 1761 and 1768. In 1718 Governor Soto de Herrera called them "barbarians, horse thieves, worthy of death, without God, without law and without a king." Of all the Indians in the territory of Colombia, they were unique in having learned the use of firearms and horses. [ [http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio1990/junio2.htm es icon Luis Angel Arango Library: The Guajira rebellion] ]

In 1769 the Spanish took 22 Wayuus captive, in order to put them to work building the fortifications of Cartagena. The reaction of the Indians was unexpected. On May 2, 1769 at El Rincón, near Río de la Hacha, they set their village afire, burning the church and two Spaniards who had taken refuge in it. They also captured the priest. The Spanish immediately dispatched an expedition from El Rincón to capture the Indians. At the head of this force was José Antonio de Sierra, a mestizo who had also headed the party that had taken the 22 Guajiro captives. The Guajiros recognized him and forced his party to take refuge in the house of the curate, which they then set afire. Sierra and eight of his men were killed. [ [http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio1990/junio2.htm es icon Luis Angel Arango Library: The Guajira rebellion] ]

This success was soon known in other Guajiro areas, and more men joined the revolt. According to Messía, at the peak there were 20,000 Indians under arms. Many had firearms acquired from English and Dutch smugglers, sometimes even from the Spanish. These enabled the rebels to take nearly all the settlements of the region, which they burned. According to the authorities, more than 100 Spaniards were killed and many others taken prisoner. Many cattle were also taken by the rebels. The Spaniards who could took refuge in Río de la Hacha and sent urgent messages to Maracaibo, Valle de Upar, Santa Marta and Cartagena. Cartagena send 100 troops. The rebels themselves were not unified. Sierra's relatives among the Indians took up arms against the rebels to avenge his death. A battle between the two groups of Indians was fought at La Soledad. That and the arrival of the Spanish reinforcements caused the rebellion to fade away, but not before the Guajiro had regained much territory. [ [http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio1990/junio2.htm es icon Luis Angel Arango Library: The Guajira rebellion] ]

Evangelization process

The process of evangelizations of the Wayuu people restarted in 1887 with the return of the Capuchin friars under reverend friar José María de Valdeviejas. In 1905, Pope Pius X created the Vicariate of La Guajira and as first Vicar, friar Atanasio Vicente Soler y Royo in an attempt to "civilize" the Wayuu people. [ [http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/modosycostumbres/gumv/gumv07.htm es icon Luis Angel Arango Library: The Capuchins mission and the Wayuu Culture] ]

The friars the created the orphanages for Wayuu children beginning with the La Sierrita orphanage built in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains in 1903; followed by the San Antonio orphanage in 1910 located by the Calancala River, Nazareth orphanage in the Serrania de Macuira mountains in 1913 creating a direct influence over the Rancherias of Guarrachal, El Pájaro, Carazúa, Guaraguao, Murumana, Garra patamana and Karraipía. While Nazareth had some control over the rancherías of Taroa, Maguaipa, Guaseipá and Alpanapause. The friars constantly visited the settlements inviting to attend mass. Wayuu children in the orphanage were educated with traditional European customs. Conflicts between the Wayuu people and the Colombian government decreased since then. In 1942 Uribia celebrated for the first time Christmas and New Year's Eve. [ [http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/modosycostumbres/gumv/gumv07.htm es icon Luis Angel Arango Library: The Capuchins mission and the Wayuu Culture] ]

Demographics

According to a 1997 census in Colombia, the Wayuu population numbered approximately 144,003 - representing 20% of Colombia's total Amerindian population and 48% of the population of the Department of La Guajira. The Wayuu occupy a total area of 4,171 square miles within approximately 10 Indian reservations, 8 of which are located south of the Department (including a very important one called "Carraipia").

In Venezuela, the population is estimated at some 293,777 individuals, according to the 2001 census, with some 60,000 living in the city of Maracaibo. This makes the Wayuu the largest indigenous group in Venezuela, representing 57.5% of the Amerindian population.

Wayuu tribes are not uniformly distributed within these territories as their population is concentrated primarily in the outskirts of such settlements as "Nazareth" and "Jala'ala", on the plains of "Wopu'muin" and "Uribia", and within the municipalities of Maicao and Manaure, where population densities are some of the highest in the peninsula. This irregular distribution is intimately related to seasonal changes in the weather - during the dry season, a significant percentage of the population crosses the border into Venezuela to work in the city of Maracaibo and its nearby settlements; however, once the rainy season begins, these Wayuu tend to return to their homes on the Colombian side.

Wayuu people refer to themselves simply as "Wayuu" and do not acknowledge the term "Indian," instead preferring the term "people." They use the terms "Kusina" or "Indian" to refer to other ethnic indigenous groups, while using the term "Alijuna" (essentially meaning "civilized") to refer to outsiders or persons of European ancestry.

Clans

Families in the Wayuu culture are divided into clans, some of these are: [ [http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/pnn/portel/libreria/pdf/EjecutivoPMMAKUIRA.pdf es icon National Natural Parks of Colombia: National natural Park of Macuira/PAGE 13] ]

Language

The Wayuu language, called "wayuunaiki", is part of the Arawak linguistic family predominant in different parts of the Caribbean. They have some minimal differences in dialect depending on the region of La Guajira they live in; northern, central or southern zones of this region. Most of the new generations speak Spanish fluently but they understand the importance of preserving their traditional native tongue.

To promote Cultural integration and Bilingual education among Wayuus and other colombians, the "Kamusuchiwo’u" Ethno-educative Center or "Centro Etnoeducativo Kamusuchiwo’u" came up with the initiative of creating the first illustrated dictionary Wayuunaiki-Spanish, Spanish-Wayuunaiki. [http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=97712]

Religion

The structure of representation of this culture integrates a series of important deities into their mythical universe. Their central figure is "Mareiwa", god creator of the Wayuu and founder of society. "Pulowi" and "Juya", a married deity couple associated with procreation and life, where "Pulowi" is the female figure; related the wind and dry seasons, and "Juya" the male; a nomad figure related to hunting and seen as a powerful killer. "Wanulu" represents the evil god, illness and death.

Children are born at home, assisted by the mother-in-law or the nearest female relative and represent for the Wayuu, in some way, the preservation of their species, preferring to feed children first and following strict diets when the surivival of children is not assured.

Puberty is not very important among boys, but girls are exposed to rituals when they start menstruating, requiring them to go through a period of seclusion. The girl is obligued to get a haircut shaving her head, and to rest in a hammock hung near the house. She is also fed with a special vegetarian diet called "Jaguapi", bathes with frequency. She is taught on how to become a woman and female labor: sewing, birth control, pregnancy and maybe erotic techniques.

This culture believes that the life cycle doesn't end with death, but that a relationship with one's bones continues. Burials are very important. The parents of the dead act in a certain way; first the cadaver is buried with personal belongings, and then, after two years, the body is exhumed, incinerated, put into ceramics, and buried once again in the clan's cemetery.

Lifestyle

A traditional Wayuu settlement is made up of five or six houses that made up caserios or rancherias. Each rancheria has a name after a plant, animal or geographic place. A territory that contains many rancherias is named after the mother's last name, because of the matriarchal structure of the Wayuu culture. The Wayuus never group into towns and rancherias are usually isolated and far from each other, to control and prevent mixing of their goat herds.

The typical house is a small structure called "piichi" or "miichi", generally divided into two rooms where they hang hamocs to sleep and to keep personal belongings such as cotton made purses and ceramics to keep water. Living quarters can be either rectangular or semi-circular and the rooftop is made up of dried cactus hearts. Traditionally, the walls are made out of "yotojoro"Villalobos "et al." (2007)] - a wattle and daub of mud, hay and dried canes -, but some of them have shifted towards a more modern construction style, like using cement and other materials.

Close to the main house they erect a common area, similar to a living room named "luma" or "enramada", but almost in the open. It's made out of six pillars and a flat roof and serves as a common area for everyday duties and where visitors are attended, business activities are handled and where relatives hang their hammocks for the noon power nap.

The Dagger Cactus ("Stenocereus griseus") which the Wayuu call "yosú" is the preferred source of roof and "yotojoro" wood. This plant is used for many other purposes - it can be planted to produce living fences around pastureland, and when young the shoots are fed to goats. The fruit ("iguaraya") are edible and pitahaya-like and are a popular food among the Wayuu. Because the demand for "yosú" as food or for wood can be seasonally high, the plant population at times declines to a point where little fruit or cuttings for fences are available. It has thus been proposed to develop techniques by which the Wayuu can cultivate or tend for the cactus as a proper crop.

"Yotojoro" originally refers to the cane-like inner wood of the "yosú" cactus. Given the varying availability of sufficient "yosú" wood for construction, other plants are also utilized. These include namely "trupillo" or "turpío" ("Prosopis juliflora"), "jattá" ("Haematoxylum brasiletto"), "kapchip" ("Capparis zeylandica") and "kayush" (Peruvian Apple Cactus, "Cereus repandus").

Music and dances

The Wayuu has contributed with their own traditional music and instrument. Their culture directly associates economy and social life with music; such as in the case of raising cattle, in which the indigenous sang to their animals. They also used music for meetings and celebrations, as well as mourning in funerals. The Yonna is the traditional dance of the Wayuu and is used to honor guests. [ [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:O5h7kQKTMLYJ:redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp%3FiCve%3D31004202+%22Taliraai%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us Taliraai: Music, Gender and Kinship in the Wayuu Culture - Jacqueline Vilchez Faria] ]

The Wayuus created many rustic musical instruments called "Kashi", "Sawawa" (type of flute), "ma'asi", "totoy" and the "taliraai" (tubular flute), "wootoroyoi" (type of clarinet), among others. The "Majayura" or ritual of the "young wayuu virgin" in which the female dances towards the male for marriage, while other males perform rhythms with their traditional insturments until the male tumbles onto the ground. [ [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:O5h7kQKTMLYJ:redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp%3FiCve%3D31004202+%22Taliraai%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us Taliraai: Music, Gender and Kinship in the Wayuu Culture - Jacqueline Vilchez Faria] ]

ee also

*Arhuacos
*Koguis
*Taironas

Footnotes

References

* (2007): Uso, manejo y conservacion de "yosú", Stenocereus griseus" (Cactaceae) en la Alta Guajira colombiana [Usage, Managment and Conservation of "yosú, Stenocereus griseus" (Cactaceae), in the Upper Guajira, Colombia] . [Spanish with English abstract] "Acta Biologica Colombiana" 12(1): 99-112. [http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/abc/v12n1/v12n1a8.pdf PDF fulltext]

External links

* [http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/indigenas/wayu.asp es_icon Etniasdecolombia.org]
* [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuInWayuunaiki Ubuntu Linux in Wayuunaiki] - a project to bring Wayuunaiki language support to Ubuntu Linux
* [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/venezuela_38034.html Unicef article on community radio keeping Wayuu culture alive in Venezuela]
* [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/colombia/corporate.html pbs.org article on wayuus]
* [http://gsevenier.online.fr/DenverPost-Massacres%20Colombia.html Denver Post article on wayuus]
* [http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2002/estado.htm es_icon Colombia's national library resume on colombian policies towards amerindian ethnic groups]
* [http://hospitalnazareth.com/cultura_wayuu/idioma/idioma.html Brief explanation of the wayunaiiki language]
* [http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/213/21301605.pdf Psicologia del Caribe: Wayuus]