Blue

Blue
Blue
Color icon blue.svg
 — Spectral coordinates —
Wavelength 440–490 nm
Frequency ~680–610 THz
 — Common connotations —
ice, water, sky, sadness, winter, police, royalty, boys, cold, calm, magic, trueness, conservatism (universally), liberalism (US), and capitalism
About these coordinates

— Colour coordinates —

Hex triplet #0000FF
sRGBB (r, g, b) (0, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v) (240°, 100%, 100%)
Source HTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Group of approximately 20 blue berries
Blueberries
A mushroom cap on its side revealing closely spaced, blue gills
Lactarius indigo is one of only a few blue-coloured mushrooms.
image of a bush on tile; the background is blue
Blue Turkish Tiles
Image of a pier extending out in to a lake, with a clear sky above and mountains in the distance.
The sky and water often appear blue.

Blue is a colour, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440–490 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colours. On the HSV Colour Wheel, the complement of blue is yellow; that is, a colour corresponding to an equal mixture of red and green light. On a colour wheel based on traditional colour theory (RYB) where blue was considered a primary colour, its complementary colour is considered to be orange (based on the Munsell colour wheel).[2]

In Modern English, "blue" is one of the basic colour terms, and one of the seven spectral colours, intermediate between violet (purple) and cyan. It comprises a considerable number of identifiable subcategories that can be identified with descriptive terms like navy blue (a dark blue), cyan blue (or "blue-green", on the boundary to the green range), or sky blue (azure).

The word itself was loaned into Middle English from the Old French word bleu, blo " "pale, pallid, discoloured; blue, blue-grey", itself from an Old Frankish *blao.

Contents

Etymology and definitions

The modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from Old French bleu, bleve, blöe, a word of Germanic origin (Frankish or possibly Old High German blāo, "pale, wan, blue-grey").

Bleu replaced Old English blāw "blue" and blǣwen "light blue". The root of all these variations is Proto-Germanic blǣwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bhlāw-, *bhlēw- "light-coloured, yellow, grey, blue", from *bhel- "to shine, be light or bright", also the root of Old Norse blār and the modern Icelandic blár, and the Scandinavian word blå, which can also refer to other non blue colours. Also in the French, bleau is a contraction of belleaue or belle eau, meaning "beautiful water" (see Fontainebleau). In this vein, "blue" is the colour of beautiful water as it clearly reflects the blue sky. A Scots and Scottish English word for "blue-grey" is blae, from the Middle English bla ("dark blue", from Old Norse blār). Also related is the English word blee meaning "colour, complexion". Ancient Greek lacked a word for blue and Homer called the colour of the sea "wine dark", except that the word kyanos (cyan) was used for dark blue enamel.

The word blue is thought to be cognate with black, blond, originally designating a discoloured, pale, washed-out shade. Through a Proto-Indo-European root, it is also linked with Latin flavus ("yellow"; see flavescent and flavine), with Greek phalos (white), French blanc (white, blank) (borrowed from Old Frankish), and with Russian белый, belyi ("white," see beluga), and Welsh blawr (grey) all of which derive (according to the American Heritage Dictionary) from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel- meaning "to shine, flash or burn", (more specifically the word bhle-was, which meant light coloured, blue, blond, or yellow), whence came the names of various bright colours, and that of colour black from a derivation meaning "burnt" (other words derived from the root *bhel- include bleach, bleak, blind, blink, blank, blush, blaze, flame, fulminate, flagrant and phlegm).

In the English language, blue may refer to the feeling of sadness. "He was feeling blue". This is because blue was related to rain, or storms, and in Greek mythology, the god Zeus would make rain when he was sad (crying), and a storm when he was angry. Kyanos was a name used in Ancient Greek to refer to dark blue tile (in English it means blue-green or cyan).[3]

Many languages do not have separate terms for blue and or green, instead using a cover term for both (when the issue is discussed in linguistics, this cover term is sometimes called grue in English).

In science

Pigments and dyes

Traditionally, blue has been considered a primary colour in painting, with the secondary colour orange as its complement.

Blue pigments include azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), ultramarine (Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4), cerulean blue (primarily cobalt (II) stanate: Co2SnO4), cobalt blue (cobalt(II) aluminate: CoAl2O4), and Prussian blue (milori blue: primarily Fe7(CN)18).

Traditionally natural dyes such as woad and true indigo were used to produce indigo dye used to colour fabrics blue or indigo. These have now largely been replaced by synthetic dyes.

Scientific natural standards for blue

  • Emission spectrum of Cu2+
  • Electronic spectrum of aqua-ions Cu(H2O)2+
    6

Animals

  • When an animal's coat is described as "blue", it usually refers to a shade of grey that takes on a bluish tint, a diluted variant of a pure black coat.[citation needed] This designation is used for a variety of animals, including dog coats, some rat coats, cat coats, some chicken breeds, some horse coat colours and rabbit coat colours. Some animals, such as giraffes and lizards, also have blue tongues.

Lasers

Lasers emitting in the blue region of the spectrum became widely available to the public in 2010 with the release of inexpensive high-powered 445-447nm Laser diode technology. [4] Previously the blue wavelengths were accessible only through DPSS which are comparatively expensive and inefficient, however these technologies are still widely used by the scientific community for applications including Optogenetics, Raman spectroscopy, and Particle image velocimetry, due to their superior beam quality. [5] Blue Gas lasers are also still commonly used for Holography, DNA sequencing, Optical pumping, and other scientific and medical applications.


In culture

Symbolic language

  • In the English language, blue often represents the human emotion of sadness, for example, "He was feeling blue". In German, on the other hand, to be "blue" (blau sein) is to be drunk. This derives from the ancient use of urine (which is produced copiously by the human body after drinking alcohol) in dyeing cloth blue with woad or indigo.[6] It may also be in relation to rain, which is usually regarded as a trigger of depressive emotions.[7]
  • Conversely blue, a very popular colour[8] can represent happiness and optimism[9] as days with clearer, blue skies tend to be considered times where these emotions are more easily expressed. Many artistic contributions have been made referencing clear days with blue skies as part of the happiness or as a symbolism of the happiness the artist felt, such as Tony Bennett's Put on a Happy Face.[10] If this were untrue there would obviously be more complaints about days with clear blue skies.
  • Blue is commonly used in the Western hemisphere to symbolize the male gender in contrast to pink used for females, although in the early 1900s, blue was the colour for girls (as it had traditionally been the colour of the Virgin Mary in Western Art) and pink was for boys (as it was akin to the colour red, considered a masculine colour.[11]

National colours

A white menorah on a blue field. It is surrounded by white laurels, and at the bottom is the word "Israel" written in Hebrew.
Coat of Arms symbol of Israel

Mysticism

Politics

A man wearing a white robe with blue stripes stands in front of a stone wall.
Blue stripes on a traditional Jewish tallit.

Religion

Blue coloured Lapis lazuli semi-precious stones are prized among Muslim Cultures in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Mehrgarh.
  • Blue is associated in Christianity generally and Catholicism in particular, with the Virgin Mary.[16][17][18]
  • Blue in Hinduism: Many of the gods are depicted as having blue-coloured skin, particularly those associated with Vishnu, who is said to be the Preserver of the world and thus intimately connected to water. Krishna and Ram, Vishnu's avatars, are usually blue. Shiva, the Destroyer, is also depicted in light blue tones and is called neela kantha, or blue-throated, for having swallowed poison in an attempt to turn the tide of a battle between the gods and demons in the gods' favour.
  • Blue in Judaism: In the Torah,[19] the Israelites were commanded to put fringes, tzitzit, on the corners of their garments, and to weave within these fringes a "twisted thread of blue (tekhelet)".[20] In ancient days, this blue thread was made from a dye extracted from a Mediterranean snail called the hilazon. Maimonides claimed that this blue was the colour of "the clear noonday sky"; Rashi, the colour of the evening sky.[21] According to several rabbinic sages, blue is the colour of God's Glory.[22] Staring at this colour aids in mediation, bringing us a glimpse of the "pavement of sapphire, like the very sky for purity", which is a likeness of the Throne of God.[23] (The Hebrew word for glory.) Many items in the Mishkan, the portable sanctuary in the wilderness, such as the menorah, many of the vessels, and the Ark of the Covenant, were covered with blue cloth when transported from place to place.[24]
  • Blue in Islam: the colour blue is mentioned in the Quran: In verse 20:102 and is represented by the word: زرق zurq (plural of azraq, 'blue'). Blue amulets made of Lapis lazuli are commonly utilised to symbolise luck in some Muslim cultures. The colour blue also represents the values of liberty among Bosniaks.

Symbolism

  • In Thailand, blue is associated with Friday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear blue on Fridays and anyone born on a Friday may adopt blue as their colour. The Thai language, however, is one that has had trouble distinguishing blue from green. The default word for Blue was recently สีน้ำเงิน literally, the colour of silver, a poetical reference to the silvery sheen of the deep blue sea. It now means navy blue, and the default word is now สีฟ้า literally, the colour of the sky.[25]

Business

Blue is the colour of the logo of Facebook, an American-based social-networking website, as well as many of its design features
Foster's Lager, an Australian lager sold throughout the world, uses a blue label on this bottle, as well as mostly blue cans

Blue is associated with many large companies and brands, including:

Sports

The Italy national football team wear blue in honour of the royal House of Savoy which unified the country.

Many sporting teams make blue their official colour, or use it as detail on kit of a different colour. In addition, the colour is present on the logos of many sports associations.

Association football

In international association football, blue is a common colour on kits, as a majority of nations wear the colours of their national flag. A notbale exception is four-time FIFA World Cup winners Italy, who wear a blue kit based on the Azzuro Savoia (Savoy blue) of the royal House of Savoy which unified the Italian states. [26] The team themsleves are known as I Azzuri (the Blues). Another World Cup winning nation with a blue shirt is France, who are known as Les Bleus (the Blues). Two neighbouring countries with two World Cup victories each, Argentina and Uruguay wear a light blue shirt, the former with white stripes. Uruguay are known as the La Celeste, Spanish for 'the sky blue one', while Argentina are known as Los Albicelestes, Spanish for 'the sky blue and whites'. [27]

Football clubs which have won the European Cup or Champions League and wear blue include FC Barcelona of Spain (red and blue stripes), FC Internazionale Milano of Italy (blue and black stripes) and FC Porto of Portugal (blue and white stripes). Another European Cup-winning club, Aston Villa of England, wear light blue detailing on a mostly claret shirt, often as the colour of the sleeves [28]. Clubs which have won the Copa Libertadores, a tournament for South American clubs, and wear blue include six-times winners Boca Juniors of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They wear a blue shirt with a yellow band across.

Blue features on the logo of football's governing body FIFA, as well as featuring highly in the design of their website [29]. The European governing body of football, UEFA, uses two tones of blue to create a map of Europe in the centre of their logo. The Asian Football Confederation, Oceania Football Confederation and CONCACAF (the governing body of football in North and Central America and the Caribbean) use blue text on their logos.

North American sporting leagues

The New Orleans Hornets, a National Basketball Association franchise from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, wear blue as an away colour.

In Major League Baseball, a premier baseball league in the United States of America and Canada, blue is one of the three colours, along with white and red, on the league's official logo. A team from Toronto, Ontario, are the Blue Jays. The Los Angeles Dodgers use blue prominently on their uniforms and the phrase "Dodger Blue" is may be said to describe Dodger fans' "blood". The Texas Rangers also use Blue prominently on their uniforms and logo.

The National Basketball Association, a premier basketball league in the United States and Canada, also has blue as one of the colours on their logo, along with red and white also, as does its female equivalent, the WNBA. The Sacramento Monarchs of the WNBA wear blue. Former NBA player Theodore Edwards was nicknamed "Blue". The only NBA team to wear blue as first choice are the Charlotte Bobcats, however blue is a common away colour for many other franchises.

The National Football League, an American Football league in the United States, also uses blue as one of three colours, along with white and red, on their official logo. The Seattle Seahawks, New York Giants, Buffalo Bills and Detroit Lions feature blue prominently on their uniforms.

The National Hockey League, a premier Ice hockey league in Canada and the United States, does not use blue on its official logo. However, a club in the league from St. Louis, Missouri is named the Blues.

Variations

See also

References

  1. ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords
  2. ^ "Glossary Term: Color wheel". Sanford-artedventures.com. http://www.sanford-artedventures.com/study/g_color_wheel.html. Retrieved 2009-04-14. [dead link]
  3. ^ Merriam-Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Mass.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 319
  4. ^ "Laserglow - Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers". Laserglow.com. http://www.laserglow.com/GPO. Retrieved 2011-09-20. 
  5. ^ "Laserglow - Optogenetics". Laserglow.com. http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics. Retrieved 2011-09-20. 
  6. ^ Heller, Eva. Wie Farben wirken: Farbpsychologie, Farbsymbolik, kreative Farbgestaltung. Berlin: Rowohlt, 2004.
  7. ^ Top 10 weather complaints
  8. ^ Preferences - Favorite Color
  9. ^ Psychology of Color
  10. ^ "Put on a Happy Face" lyrics
  11. ^ "Should we not dress girls in pink?". BBC Magazine (BBC). 8 January 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7817496.stm. Retrieved 28 April 2011. 
  12. ^ "Estonia in brief: National Symbols" at Estonica website Estonica.org
  13. ^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1-894663-49-7 pg. 24
  14. ^ Cheong Wa Dae / The Blue House, http://english.president.go.kr/tours/place_buildings/main_office.php, "The Main Building and its two annexes are covered with a total of 150,000 traditional Korean blue roof tiles (hence, the name "Blue House" is also commonly used when referring to Cheongwadae)." 
  15. ^ Brooks, David (December 2001). "One Nation, Slightly Divisible". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2001/12/brooks.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2010. 
  16. ^ http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/faq/faq12.html
  17. ^ http://www.nd.edu/~wcawley/corson/schoolcolors.htm
  18. ^ http://theboard.byu.edu/questions/31244/
  19. ^ Numbers 15:38.
  20. ^ Tekhelet.com, the Ptil Tekhelet Organization
  21. ^ Mishneh Torah, Tzitzit 2:1; Commentary on Numbers 15:38.
  22. ^ Numbers Rabbah 14:3; Hullin 89a.
  23. ^ Exodus 24:10; Ezekiel 1:26; Hullin 89a.
  24. ^ Numbers 4:6-12.
  25. ^ Glenn Slayden. "Thai language". thai-language.com. http://www.thai-language.com/dict/. Retrieved 2009-04-14. 
  26. ^ http://historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/euro-2008.html
  27. ^ http://historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/fifa_world_cup_2010/fifa-world-cup-2010.html
  28. ^ http://historicalkits.co.uk/Aston_Villa/Aston_Villa.htm
  29. ^ http://www.fifa.com/

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?
Synonyms:

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Blue — (bl[=u]), a. [Compar. {Bluer} (bl[=u] [ e]r); superl. {Bluest}.] [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, livid, black, fr. Icel.bl[=a]r livid; akin to Dan. blaa blue, Sw. bl[*a], D. blauw, OHG. bl[=a]o, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Blue — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Blue Información personal Origen Reino Unido …   Wikipedia Español

  • Blue — (englisch für blau) steht für: Blue (Familienname), Personen mit diesem Namen Blue (Band), britische Popgruppe Blue (Deutsche Band), ist eine deutsche Band Blue (Manga), japanische Mangaserie Blue (Da Ba Dee), ein Lied der italienischen… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • blue — blue; blue·ber·ry; blue·ber·ry·ing; blue·jack; blue·ly; blue·ness; blue·stem; blue·ston·er; blue·ston·ing; blue·striped; blue·tick; blue·grass·er; blue·ish·ness; blue·shift·ed; …   English syllables

  • blue — [blo͞o] adj. [ME & OFr bleu < Frank * blao < IE base * bhlē wos, light colored, blue, blond, yellow > L flavus, yellow, Brythonic blawr, gray, OE blæwen, blue, Ger blau] 1. having the color of the clear sky or the deep sea 2. having a… …   English World dictionary

  • Blue&Me — is a system for Fiat Group cars based on Microsoft Auto and developed in a partnership (started in 2004) between Magneti Marelli (part of Fiat Group) and Microsoft Corporation. The system is based on modular structure which allows installation… …   Wikipedia

  • blue —   :    ♦ blue book, n. Parliamentary publication, bound in blue covers; American, book giving particulars of government servants or prominent persons; a. applied to dull, dry literary style.    ♦ blue nose, n. native of Nova Scotia; prudish or… …   Dictionary of difficult words

  • blue — Ⅰ. blue [1] ► ADJECTIVE (bluer, bluest) 1) of a colour intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky on a sunny day. 2) informal melancholy or depressed. 3) informal (of a film, joke, or story) with sexual or pornographic content. 4) (of a …   English terms dictionary

  • Blue — (bl[=u]), n. 1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Blue Ox — is an energy drink brand that was produced by the Blue Ox Company of Austria. It was introduced in 2002 to compete with Red Bull. The beverage was discontinued in 2005 due to poor sales and distribution. It came packaged in 8.4 fl oz (ml) and 16… …   Wikipedia

  • Blue 4 U — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Blue 4 U Información personal Origen Barcelona, España Información artística Género(s) …   Wikipedia Español

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”