Match cut

A match cut, also called a graphic match, is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots metaphorically.^[1][2][3]

Wider context

Match cuts form the basis for continuity editing, such as the ubiquitous use of match on action. Continuity editing smoothes over the inherent discontinuity of shot changes to establish a logical coherence between shots. Even within continuity editing, though, the match cut is a contrast both with cross-cutting between actions in two different locations that are occurring simultaneously, and with parallel editing, which draws parallels or contrasts between two different time-space locations.

A graphic match (as opposed to a graphic contrast or collision) occurs when the shapes, colors and/or overall movement of two shots match in composition, either within a scene or, especially, across a transition between two scenes. Indeed, rather than the seamless cuts of continuity editing within a scene, the term "graphic match" usually denotes a more conspicuous transition between (or comparison of) two shots via pictorial elements.^[4] A match cut often involves a graphic match, a smooth transition between scenes and an element of metaphorical (or at least meaningful) comparison between elements in both shots.^[2]

A match cut contrasts with the conspicious and abrupt discontinuity of a jump cut.

Notable examples

A bone-club and an orbital nuclear weapons platform: the two subjects of the iconic match cut in 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey contains a famous^[3] example of a match cut.^[3][5] After an ape discovers the use of bones as a tool and a weapon, he throws it triumphantly into the air. As the bone spins in the air, there is a match cut to a much more advanced weapon: an orbiting nuclear weapons satellite.^[6] The match cut helps draw a connection between the two objects as exemplars of primitive and advanced tools respectively, and serves as a neat summary of humanity's technological advancement up to that point.^[1]

Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's A Canterbury Tale is a predecessor for the 2001: A Space Odyssey match cut in which a fourteenth century falcon cuts to a World War II aeroplane.^[7] The sense of time passing but nothing changing is emphasised by having the same actor, in different costumes, looking at both the falcon and the aeroplane.

An early example comes from Orson Welles's Citizen Kane which opens with a series of match dissolves that keeps the lit window of C.F. Kane's in the same part of the frame while the cuts take us around his dilapidated Xanadu estate, before a final match dissolve takes us from the outside to the inside where Kane is about to die. ^[8]

Another match cut comes from Lawrence of Arabia (David Lean, 1962) where an edit cuts together Lawrence blowing out a lit match with the desert sun rising from the horizon. Director David Lean credits inspiration for the edit to the experimental French New Wave. The edit was later praised by Steven Spielberg as inspiration for his own work.^[9]

A match cut occurs at the end of Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest. As Cary Grant pulls Eva Marie Saint up from Mount Rushmore, the cut then goes to him pulling her up to his bunk on the train. The match cut here skips over the courting, the marriage proposal, and the actual marriage of the two characters who had for much of the film been adversaries.^[10] Another Hitchcock film to employ the use of a match cut is Psycho. Right after Marion Crane is murdered in the infamous "shower scene", the camera shows blood flowing down the drain of the tub, then cuts to a shot of Marion's eye.^[11]

German director Fritz Lang provided early uses of match cuts in his silent and first sound films. In Dr. Mabuse the Gambler, he shows a circular casino from above and cuts to a circle of hands at a seance happening the same night involving Mabuse and others. This not only smoothly transitions into the simultaneous scene, but also links the two activities as "decadent" pastimes of the rich in pursuit of excitement and fashionability. Lang reused the technique in M while cross cutting between the meetings of Schränker's criminal union and Inspector Karl Lohmann's homicide investigation squad. Schränker and Lohmann are matched both in movement and in dialogue (which is carried over the cut to form a coherent phrase) to illustrate their unlikely connection in a shared goal, to capture a serial child killer.^{[citation needed]}

For his 1986 fantasy film, Highlander, director Russell Mulcahy employs multiple match cuts to indicate movements backwards in time and forwards again to the present day, telling the story of an immortal who relives episodes from his past in the ancient Highlands of Scotland (and later across Europe), as he faces his final challenge in modern New York City. Examples include a WWF match contrasted with the bloody clan battles of his youth, a fish tank cutting back to an experience in a boat on a loch and an emotional face in the past dissolving into a giant NYC advertising hoarding showing the impassive Mona Lisa. In the case of this film, the match cut is integral to the storytelling, as a potentially confusing back-and-forth narrative is thus held together; with the denouement's final cut to Scotland cleverly revealled to be not a jump in time, as previously, through the inclusion of a modern fighter jet in flight over the Highlands

A match-cut can be found in The Gold Watch segment of Quentin Tarantino`s Pulp Fiction where a young Butch Coolidge grabs his father’s gold watch from Captain Koons (Christopher Walken), we then hear a boxing bell and the film cuts to the adult Butch (Bruce Willis) waking from his dream/memory. This is done to symbolically link the story just told about his father’s experience in a Vietnamese POW camp with the following events of the film where Butch and Marcellus Wallace (Ving Rhames) gets trapped by the rapists in the Mason-Dixon Pawnshop. As mentioned by film analyst Rob Ager, Butch`s battle with Marcellus and the rapists is his own personal war, and his way of carrying on his forefathers virtues of courage and honor during wartime.

Yet another example of a match cut can be found in the final episode of the first season of David Lynch and Mark Frost's television show Twin Peaks. In the opening moments as Dr. Jacoby is struck down by a masked assailant and rolls over onto his back, the camera zooms in onto his eye which slowly fades away to a roulette wheel in One Eyed Jack's casino. This transition is a key moment in the episode as it connects two very different story lines together through a strategic cut.

See also

• Jump cut
• Split edit
• Cutting on action

Further reading

• Bordwell, David and Kristin Thompson. Film Art (8th edition), chapter six.
• Hayward, Susan. "Cut," "Editing," "Jumpcut" and "Matchcutting." Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (2nd edition).

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Match cut explanation". Ardfilmjournal. http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/2008/10/27/basic-film-techniques-match-cut/. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Description of terms". Purdue University. http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/theory/narratology/terms/match.html. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Dictionary of terms used in film editing". allmovietalk.com. http://www.allmovietalk.com/?page_id=91. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
4. ^ "Editing guide". Yale University. http://classes.yale.edu/film-analysis/htmfiles/editing.htm. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
5. ^ "2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY: A critical analysis of the film score by Dariusz Roberte". The Kubrick Site. http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0108.html. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
6. ^ The Making of Kubrick's 2001, Jerome Agel, ed., Signet, 1970, p. 196 and caption in photographs section.
7. ^ "Irish Film Institute". http://www.ifi.ie/cinema/dispfilm_07.asp?filmID=7110&Date=09/11/2010&PageID=15. 
8. ^ "Cinepad". http://cinepad.com/reviews/kane.htm. 
9. ^ "A Critic at large – Anthony Lane remembers David Lean". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/03/31/080331crat_atlarge_lane?currentPage=all. Retrieved 30 March 2010. 
10. ^ "AMC Filmsite: Film Terms Glossary Illustrated". http://www.filmsite.org/filmterms12.html. 
11. ^ "Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho: a casebook by Robert Phillip Kolker". Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=k5I5ED1IiFQC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22match+cut%22+psycho&source=bl&ots=g_JaM5btyv&sig=yy3r2IWpX179JaVVhmILXFvm1LE&hl=en&ei=eVIDTeOZMYvmnAf5yp3lDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22match%20cut%22%20psycho&f=false.