Pasha

Pasha

Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, ( _tr. paşa پاشا) (Persian: پاشا) (Armenian: Փաշա) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. As an honorary title, "Pasha" in one of its various ranks is equivalent to the British title of "Lord".

Linguistics

Etymologists variously derive the word "pasha" from the Turkish "baş ağa" (Big Brother) [ [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pasha&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary - Pasha] ] (in some dialects "pash"), "head lord", "tribal chief" etc. (more likely for an officer). Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/. As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms "bashaw", "bassaw", "bucha" etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word "bassa".

Role in Ottoman political system

The Ottoman sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the viceroyal khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of "Pasha". The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusively to military commanders, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour.

It was also part of the official style of the Kapudan Pasha (Great Admiral of the entire Ottoman fleet).

Pashas ranked above Beys and Aghas, but below Khedives and Viziers.

Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of yak- or horse-tails (three, two and one respectively; a symbol of Turco-Mongol tradition) or peacock tails, which the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the Sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as sovereign commander in chief.

The following military ranks entitled the holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely Effendi):
*The Vizier-i-Azam (Grand Vizier, the prime minister, but also often taking the field as Generalissimo instead of the Sultan)
*Mushir (Field marshall)
*Ferik (army Lieutenant-general or navy Vice-admiral)
*Lewa=Liva (major general or Rear-admiral)
*The Kizlar Agha (chief black eunuch, the highest officer in the Topkapı Palace; three tails, as commander of the baltacı corps of the halberdiers in the imperial army
*Istanbul's Shaikh ul-Islam, the highest Muslim clergyman, of cabinet rank.

If a Pasha governed a provincial territory, it could be called a "pashaluk" after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e.g. "eyalet, vilayet". Both Beylerbeys (governors-general) and Valis (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). The word "pashalik" designated any province or other jurisdiction of a Pasha.

Ottoman authorities conferred the title upon both Muslims and Christians without distinction. They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Turks or of the Egyptians, e.g. Hobart Pasha.

Honorific

In usage, the title followed the given name. Although the word serves as a non-hereditary title, English speakers have commonly used the word "pasha" as if it formed part of a personal name, as for instance in Ibrahim Pasha or Emin Pasha, similar to the practice of referring to a British Peer as Lord X, since in both cases it substitutes for a more precise rank title.

The sons of a Pasha were styled Pashazada or Pasha-zade, which means just that.

In modern Egyptian and (to a lesser extent) Levantine Arabic, it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord," especially by older people.

List of notable pashas

*Abaza Family - Egyptian Pashas and Beys
*Abbas I of Egypt
*Abbas II of Egypt
*Ahmed Pasha (Claude Alexandre de Bonneval)
*Ali Pasha — Ottoman admiral
*Ali Pasha — statesman
*Urabi Pasha
*Barbarossa Khair ad-Din Pasha
*Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
*Emin Pasha
*Enver Pasha
*Essad Pasha
*Fakhri Pasha
*Fuad Pasha
*Glubb Pasha (John Bagot Glubb)
*Gordon Pasha
*Hagop Kazazian Pasha
*Ibrahim Pasha
*Ismet Pasha (İsmet İnönü)
*Jafar al-Askari
*Jamal Pasha
*Kazazian Pasha
*Kilic Ali Pasha
*Multiple members of the Köprülü family, especially Kara Mustafa Pasha
*Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
*Liman von Sanders Pasha
*Mahmud Dramali Pasha - Ottoman General
*Mehmet Ali
*Mehmed Pasha Sokolović
*Melling Pasha
*Midhat Pasha
*Mustafa Pasha
*Mustafa Reshid Pasha
*Mustafa Kemal Pasha, subsequently known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the post-Ottoman Turkish republic
*Nubar Pasha
*Osman Pasha
*Piyale Pasha
*Riyad Pasha — Egyptian statesman
*Said Pasha
*Sinan Pasha
*Sulejman Pasha
*Sultan al-Atrash
*Talat Pasha
*Tewfik Pasha
*Turhan Pasha Përmeti
*Tusun Pasha
*Valentine Baker
*Wehib Pasha
*Woods Pasha
*Youssef Wahba Pasha (three yaks); Mirmiran, RoumeliBeylerbey — Egyptian Prime Minister
*Yusuf Karamanli Pasha of Tripoli

ee also

*Ottoman Empire
*Ottoman titles

Notes

References

*
* AllAboutTurkey.com - [http://www.allaboutturkey.com/harem.htm "The Ottoman harem"]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Pasha — ist: ein Protein im Enzymkomplex Microprocessor complex die englische Schreibweise von Pascha Juliana Pasha (*1980), albanische Sängerin Ahmed Shuja Pasha (1952 ), pakistanischer Geheimdienstler …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Pasha — Pa*sha , n. [Turk. p[=a]sh[=a], b[=a]sh[=a]; cf. Per. b[=a]sh[=a], b[=a]dsh[=a]h; perh. a corruption of Per. p[=a]dish[=a]h. Cf. {Bashaw}, {Padishah}, {Shah}.] An honorary title given to officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governers of… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • pasha — Turkish honorary title formerly given to officers of high rank, 1640s, from Turk. pasha, earlier basha, from bash head, chief (no clear distinction between b and p in Turk.), Earlier in English as bashaw (1530s) …   Etymology dictionary

  • Pasha — Pȁsha ž <G mn Pȃshā/ ī> DEFINICIJA 1. jud., v. Pesah 2. kat. blagdan Kristova uskrsnuća, Uskrs ONOMASTIKA Pàškval m. os. ime (← mlet.); isto: Pàskal; hip.: Páško; ž. os. imena: Paskvàlina (Paskvalína), Paškvàlina; hip.: Páška (imena se, ob …   Hrvatski jezični portal

  • Pasha — m, f Russian: pet form of both Pavel (see PAUL (SEE Paul)) and PRASKOVYA (SEE Praskovya) …   First names dictionary

  • pasha — (also pacha) ► NOUN historical ▪ the title of a Turkish officer of high rank. ORIGIN Turkish …   English terms dictionary

  • pasha — [pə shä′, pä′shə, pash′ə] n. [Turk paşa] Historical in the Ottoman Empire, a) a title of rank or honor placed after the name b) a high civil or military official …   English World dictionary

  • pasha — pashadom, n. /pah sheuh, pash euh, peuh shah , shaw /, n. a title, placed after the name, formerly held by high officials in countries under Turkish rule. Also, pacha. [1640 50; < Turk pasa; see BASHAW] * * * (as used in expressions) Emin Pasha… …   Universalium

  • pasha — Bashaw Ba*shaw , n. [See {Pasha}.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written {pasha}. See {Pasha}. [1913 Webster] 2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee. [1913 Webster] 3. (Zo[ o]l.) A very large siluroid fish ({Leptops olivaris}) of the Mississippi… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Pasha — Pacha (titre) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pacha. Le mot pacha (Turc : paşa, parfois transcrit pascha ou bashaw) vient du persan padshah ou padeshah qui signifie roi. Il définit un office de haut rang dans le système politique de l… …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”