Red-rumped Swallow

Red-rumped Swallow
Drakensberg, South Africa
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Hirundinidae
Genus:	Cecropis
Species:	C. daurica
Binomial name
Cecropis daurica (Laxmann, 1769)
Synonyms
Hirundo daurica'

The Red-rumped Swallow (Cecropis daurica) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It breeds in open hilly country of temperate southern Europe and Asia from Portugal and Spain to Japan, India and tropical Africa. The Indian and African birds are resident, but European and other Asian birds are migratory. They winter in Africa or India and are vagrants to Christmas Island and northern Australia.

Red-rumped Swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to the other aerial insectivores, such as the related swallows and the unrelated swifts (order Apodiformes). They have blue upperparts and dusky underparts.

They resemble Barn Swallows, but are darker below and have pale or reddish rumps, face and neck collar. They lack a breast band, but have black undertails. They are fast fliers and they swoop on insects while airborne. They have broad but pointed wings.

Red-rumped Swallows build quarter-sphere nests with a tunnel entrance lined with mud collected in their beaks, and lay 3 to 6 eggs. They normally nest under cliff overhangs in their mountain homes, but will readily adapt to buildings such as mosques and bridges.

They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are gregarious outside the breeding season. Many hundreds can be seen at a time on the plains of India.

Taxonomy

The swallow family consists of 74 bird species which typically hunt insects in flight. The two river martins have long been recognised as very distinctive, and are placed in a separate subfamily, Pseudochelidoninae, leaving all other swallows and martins in the Hirundininae. DNA studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the Hirundininae subfamily, broadly correlating with the type of nest built.^[2] The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the Sand Martin, the "nest-adopters", with birds like the Tree Swallow which utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders". The Cecropsis species construct a closed mud nest and therefore belong to the latter group. It is believed that the evolutionary sequence is from species that make open cup nests (Hirundo and Ptyonoprogne), through Delichon house martins with closed nests, to Cecropis and Petrochelidon, which have retort-like closed nests with an entrance tunnel.^[3]

The Red-rumped Swallow was formally described by Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and natural scientist Erik Laxmann in 1769 as Hirundo daurica,^[4] using a specimen from Mount Schlangen near Zmeinogorsk Russia.^[5][6] It is now usually placed in the genus Cecropis created by German scientist Friedrich Boie in 1826,^[7] although it is arguable how distinct this genus is from Hirundo,^[8] and some authorities retain it in that genus.^[1] The genus name Cecropis is taken from that of an Athenian tribe, who were themselves named for the half-dragon mythical Attic king Cecrops I.^[9] The specific daurica is derived from Dauria, a mountainous region to the east of Lake Baikal in Russia. the alternative genus Hirundo is the Latin word for "swallow".^[10]

This species is believed to form a superspecies complex with Hirundo striolata. The widely distributed population shows a lot of variation and several have been named as subspecies. Many of these are migratory and overlap in their wintering ranges and field identification of these forms is not reliable. The Sri Lankan breeding population hyperythra is a resident. The underparts are deep chestnut and the nuchal collar is not well marked. The populations in mainland India,, erythropygia has the rump patch uniform dark chestnut without an dark shaft-streaks. The tail fork is shallow and the white patch on the inner web of the outer-tail feathers is indistinct. Populations of japonica breed in eastern Asia and winter in Thailand, Burma, India and northern Australia. They are heavily streaked on the underside and have faint streaks on the rump. The populations along the Himalayas nipalensis migrate to peninsular India in winter and breed from Kulu in the west to Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh in the east. This population has the rump paler with dark shaft streaks. Subspecies rufula of Southern Europe, the Iberian Peninsula east to Baluchistan and Kashmir is resident and winters further south. The chestnut of rump fades to white towards the tail base. The nominate population breeds in Mongolia and Trans-Baikailia wintering in South and Southeast Asia.^[11] Subspecies gephyra of inner Mongolia is considered indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies. The African populations include domicella of Senegal, Gambia to Ethiopia; kumboensis from the highlands of Sierra Leone and Cameroon; melanocrissus of the Ethiopian highlands and emini of Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Zambia. Many of the variations are separable only on tail and wing lengths and these vary with overlap across populations.^[12]

Distribution and habitat

The Red-rumped Swallow breeds across southern Europe and Asia east to southern Siberia and Japan, These populations, along with Moroccan birds, are migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa or south Asia. There are resident races in Africa in a broad belt from West Africa east to Ethiopia and then south to Tanzania, and most Indian and Sri Lanka breeders are also year-round residents. The African and Asian subspecies may undertake local seasonal movements. This species is a regular vagrant outside its breeding range.^[13]

Behaviour and ecology

These swallows are usually found over grassland where they hawk insects. They may sometimes take advantage of grass fires and grazing cattle that flush insects into the air.^[11][14]

Breeding

collecting mud for nest in India

It is thought that the sequence "open-nest" to "closed nest" to "retort nest" represents the evolutionary development in the mud-building swallows, and individual species follow this order of construction. A retort builder like Red-rumped Swallow starts with an open cup, closes it, and then builds the entrance tunnel. It has been proposed that the development of closed nests reduced competition between males for copulations with the females. Since mating occurs inside the nest, the difficulty of access means other males are excluded. This reduction in competition permits the dense breeding colonies typical of the Delichon and Petrochelidon genera, but colonial breeding is not inevitable; most Cecropis species are solitary nesters.^[3]

Conservation status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the organisation responsible for assessing the conservation status of species. A species is assessed as subject to varying levels of threat if it has a small, fragmented or declining range, or if the total population is less than 10,000 mature individuals, or numbers have dropped by more than 10% in ten years or with a continuing decline generations. Red-rumped Swallow has a huge range and a population numbered in millions. It is not known to be seriously declining in range or numbers, so it is classed as Least Concern.^[1]

The Red-rumped Swallow is extending its range northward in Europe, colonising France and Romania in recent decades.^[13] The European population is estimated as 100,000 to 430,000 breeding pairs or 300,000 to 1,290,000 individuals.^[1]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica BirdLife species factsheet". BirdLife International. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=7135&m=0.  Retrieved 3 January 2010
2. ^ Sheldon, Frederick H; Whittingham, Linda A; Moyle, Robert G; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W (April 2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35 (1): 254–270. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008. PMID 15737595. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Winkler, David W; Sheldon, Frederick H (June 1993). "Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): A molecular phylogenetic perspective". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 5705–5707. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705. PMC 46790. PMID 8516319. http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/view_online.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F90%2F12%2F5705.full.pdf. 
4. ^ Laxmann, Erik (1769). Kungliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 30: 209 plate 7. 
5. ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 32. The type locality of Hirundo daurica Laxmann, 1769". Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 340: 205–206. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46730. 
6. ^ Prior to the Dickinson paper, the type location had been listed as “the Sung-hua Chiang, Heilungkiang, China near its confluence with the Amur River” as for example in Turner (1989) pp. 201–204
7. ^ Boie, Heinrich (1826). Isis 19.  column 971
8. ^ Turner (1989) p. 9
9. ^ Harrison, Jane Ellen; Verrall, Margaret de Gaudrion Merrifield, (1890). Mythology and monuments of ancient Athens, being a translation of a portion of the 'Attica' of Pausanias. London and New York, Macmillan and Co.. pp. 37. 
10. ^ Lewis, Charlton T (1888). A Latin dictionary for schools. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 019910204X. http://www.archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00lewiuoft. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Ali, S & S D Ripley (1986). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 5 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 66–72. 
12. ^ Dickinson, E.C. & R.W.R.J. Dekker (2001). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 13. A preliminary review of the Hirundinidae". Zool. Verh. Leiden 335: 127–144. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46434. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Turner (1989) pp. 201–204
14. ^ Phillips,WWA (1953). "A grass-fire association of the Ceylon Swallow Hirundo daurica hyperythra". Ibis 95 (1): 142. 

References

• Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989). A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-3202-5. 
• Baker, ECS (196). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma . Birds. Volume 3 (2 ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 248–253. http://www.archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n271/mode/1up/. 

External links

• Photos and videos
• Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta

Gallery

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  Collecting mud for nest construction (Parli, Maharashtra, India)

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  at Ananthagiri Hills, in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

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  Collecting mud for nest construction (Parli, Maharashtra, India)

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  at Ananthagiri Hills, in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

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  Red-rumped Swallow on wire (Hong Kong)