Dvals

The Dvals (Georgian: დვალები, Dvalebi; Ossetic: Туалтæ, Twaltæ) were an old people in the Caucasus, their lands lying on both sides of the central Greater Caucasus mountains, somewhere between the Darial and Mamison gorges. This historic territory mostly covers today’s South Ossetia, a breakaway region of Georgia and part of North Ossetia-Alania, Russian Federation, as well as some neighboring lands in Georgia’s historic regions of Racha and Khevi.

Etymology

The name of the Dvals (Georgian: დვალნი, Dvalni) comes from the old Georgian annals, their land called Dvaletia (დვალეთი. Dvalet`i) after them.

The ethnonym survived to our days as "Tual" and "Urs-Tual" (Ossetic: Урстуалтæ meaning "white Tuals") which are historical regions of Ossetia.^[1][2][3] Also Georgian surname Dvali and Ossetian Tuallagov/Twallægtæ come from the name of Dvals.^[1][3]

The Dvals are sometimes tentatively linked^{[by whom?]} to the Talae of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy who placed them in Sarmatia Asiatica.^[4]

History

They were regarded as vassals of the Georgian crown and paid a tribute, while the Georgian kings fortified their fortresses and mountain passes securing the strategic “Dvaletian road”. Christianity began to spread among the Dvals in the mid-6th century, under Georgian influence.

When the Mongols destroyed, in the 13th-14th centuries, the Alanian kingdom in the Northern Caucasus, the Ossetes migrated towards and over the Caucasus mountains, forming in part of Dvaletia their community called Tualläg. The Dvals were pushed southward and, as a result, the process of their assimilation into the Georgians and Ossetes accelerated and was completed by the early 18th century. The term Dvaleti(a), retaining only a geographic meaning, then narrowed to refer solely to the area around the Kudaro valley in the west (modern-day Java district in South Ossetia).

Language and origin

Dvals language origin is disputed. There are two main theories. Generally, the dispute over the language of the Dvals is practically synonymous with the dispute over their ethnic origin. On both sides there are accusations of a lack of objectivity and the politicization of linguistics. The two versions are that they either spoke a Nakh language (like the modern Vainakh languages, Batsbi, and the language of the Malkh and Hers and possibly others) or spoke a language akin to Ossetic, a Scythian language.

Whether or not the Dvals spoke a language classified as Nakh or as Scythian, there is, however, a common agreement, that they were not equivalent to Ossetians (who now, with Georgians, live on their former territory), as the people commonly accepted as the ancestors of the Ossetians, the Scythian-speaking Alans, are always referred to as a separate people from the Dvals by modern and contemporary historians.

Nakh version

According to a number of historians and linguists, the Dvals probably spoke a Nakh language ^{[5][6][7][8][9]} Gamrekeli (a Georgian historian) provides the typical version of the Nakh theory, stating that the Dvals had a language clearly distinct from that of the Ossetes (who eventually migrated onto their land) and akin (but not equivalent to) to the Vainakh languages.^[1]

Backing the theory that the Dvals were Nakh includes numerous sources.

• The people directly to their West (the Malkh; in the northern part of their territory in Southern North Ossetia-"Alania"; not the South Caucasian part where the Svans bordered them) are already more or less confirmed to be Nakh in origin.

• There is evidence produced by the German Caucasologist, Heinz Fähnrich, of extensive Nakh-Svan contact (thus, in order to have extensive contact with the Svans, enough for the strong Nakh influence detected by Fähnrich in Svan, a Nakh people must have lived close to them; however, without the Dvals or at least a people who lived on their territory before them being Nakh, this could not have happened, as the Malkh, the closest people, lived across one of the most difficult parts of the Caucasus, and to this day the modern inhabitants of Malkhia and the Svans have little if any contact with each other) before the advent of Iranian-speaking invaders.^[10] The Georgian historian Melikishvilli argued, using the similarity of the tribe to the old Vainakh clan Dvali, that the Dvals were akin to the Vainakh (i.e. a Nakh people) but distinct and that a remnant of them became absorbed by the Vainakh proper (as was confirmed happened with actually confirmed Nakh peoples, such as the Malkh after they declined).^[1]
• Kuznetsov notes the presence of Nakh placenames in South and North Ossetia: including Tsei, Leah and Leah-hee (Liakhvi).^[1]
• Almost all historians agree that the Dvals were not Alans. If they were really Scythians, it would be unlikely that they would have diverged so sharply in such a small area (especially considering that in the Caucasus, many peoples that are no longer ethnically identical and had been separate for a long period already were still considered the same).

Ossetian version

Another theory is that the Dvals were Ossetian speaking people.^[2][4][11] According to this, they were among first Ossetes to settle to southern Caucasus.^[2][4][12] Evidence for the Ossetian theory also draws from various elements:

• In 1957 example of text thought by some to be Dval found in Dvaleti.^[4][13] It was text written on Syrian-nestorian writing system.^[13]

Original text, provided by Turchanikov:^[13]

hcawj acgar ama[r]di a jnn mishnq jtkajin ish kwtwn ljkchh khnkn dan aljka ja ctj (m) mhhh at r k jz azj

Translation to english

Modern Ossetic form:^[13]

Xwycwy agcar amardi a jyn mysinag y tyxa jyn yz kotton ...

Translation to english

• Much of former Dvaleti is now populated by Ossetes (i.e., although Dvals were clearly not Alans, similarity could have aided the assimilation of the remainder of the conquered Dvals)
• Modern day Ossetes living in the old territory of the Dvals (who some believe to be partially descended from the Dvals), called Tuals in the north and Urs-Tuals in the south, speak the Tual dialect of the Ossetic language.^{[2][4][11][12][14]}

Accomplishments

The most prominent Dvals were, perhaps, the 11th-13th calligraphers – John, Michael, Stephen, and George – who worked at various Georgian Orthodox monasteries abroad, chiefly in Jerusalem and at the Mount Athos, and created several fine examples of old Georgian manuscripts, e.g. The Months and The Vitae of St Basil (John the Dval, circa 1055), and the so-called Labechini Gospels (George the Dval, 13th century). Another famous Dval calligrapher was Vola Tliag (Ossetic: Vola Tliag meaning "Vola from Tli"^[15]) who worked over Kapelle of Nuzal.^[15]

The Orthodox church venerates also the memory of St Nicholas of Dvaletia, a Dval monk from the Georgian monastery at Jerusalem, who was martyred, on October 19, 1314, at the order of Amir Denghiz for having preached Christianity.^[16] He was canonized by both Alanian and Georgian churches.

See also

• History of Georgia

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Kuznetsov, V. (1992), Essays on the history of Alans (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: IR, ISBN 9785753403162, http://iratta.com/2007/06/05/09_alanyovsy_i_gruzija_pervaja_chast.html 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Akhvlediani, G. (1960), The collection of selected works on the Ossetian language (in Russian), Tbilisi 
3. ^ ^{a b} Gagloev, Y. (1959). "On ethnicity of tribe Tulas (in Russian)". Fidiwaeg. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Vaneev, Z. (1989), Selected works on the history of the Ossetian people (in Russian), Tskhinvali: Iryston, http://osetins.info/books/books_ist_osetia/vaneev/ 
5. ^ Гамрекели В. Н. Двалы и Двалетия в I—XV вв. н. э. Тбилиси, 1961 page 138
6. ^ Меликишвили Г. А. К изучению древней восточномалоазийской этнонимики. ВДИ, 1962,1 page 62
7. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens: A Handbook- Partial Ancestry and Kindred Peoples [to the Chechens]. Page 29. http://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Dvals+Chechens+Jaimoukha&source=bl&ots=cBdGsyn3uD&sig=S-_XrHPwTc3lxot38j3IAPN1JBc&hl=en&ei=65EfTKixK4G78ga4mvGRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Dvals&f=false. "At the turn of this new era, the Nakh peoples of the Transcaucasus comprised of the Tsanars in the South, the Dvals in the West, and the Ers in the East. The Kakh(etians) who used to call themselves Kabatsas and their territory Kakh-batsa, were surrounded by Nakh tribes and themselves thought to be Tushians of Nakh extraction. The eighteenth century historian Vakhushti asserted that the Kakh considered Gligvs, Dzurdzuks and Kists as their ethnic kin."
8. ^ Gamrekeli
9. ^ Melikishvilli
10. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens: a handbook. Page 26. http://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Dvals+Chechens+Jaimoukha&source=bl&ots=cBdGsyn3uD&sig=S-_XrHPwTc3lxot38j3IAPN1JBc&hl=en&ei=65EfTKixK4G78ga4mvGRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Fahnrich&f=false. "Heinz Fahnrich (1988) identified lexical traces of Nakh-Svan contact before the advent of the Iranians"
11. ^ ^{a b} Lazarashvili, G. (1966), About the time of resettlement of Ossetians to Georgia (in Russian) 
12. ^ ^{a b} Vakhushti (1745), Description of the Kingdom of Georgia (in Russian), http://www.vostlit.info/haupt-Dateien/index-Dateien/V.phtml?id=2043 
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Turchaninov, G. (1990), Ancient and medieval monuments of Ossetian writing and language (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: IR, ISBN 9785753401670 
14. ^ Tekhov, B. (1971), Studies in old history and archaeology of South Ossetia (in Russian), Tbilisi 
15. ^ ^{a b} Kuznetsov V. The light of Christianity in Georgia. Dvaletiya (from the book "Christianity in the North Caucasus")
16. ^ Official site of "Allon Eparxi"

Further reading

• Gagloity Y. Formation of the southern branch of Ossetian people
• Gamrekeli V. N., The Dvals and Dvaletia in the 1st to 15th centuries A.D., Tbilisi, 1961 (A monograph in Russian)
  • Vaneev Z. To the question on Dvals (A criticism of Gamrekrli in Russian)
• Tekhov B. V., Studies in old history and archaeology of South Ossetia, Tbilisi, 1971 (A momograph in Russian)
• Vaneev Z. Selected works on the history of the Ossetian people, Tskhinvali, 1989 (A monograph in Russian)
• Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law, Annette Bohr, Andrew Wilson, Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities, Cambridge University Press (September 10, 1998), ISBN 0-521-59968-7, page 60
• Dzatiaty R. Role of the towers in the social structure of society (in Russian)