Hume's Leaf-warbler

Hume's Leaf-warbler
At 10,000 ft. ASL in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh (India)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Subclass:	Neornithes
Infraclass:	Neognathae
Superorder:	Neoaves
Order:	Passeriformes
Suborder:	Passeri
Infraorder:	Passerida
Superfamily:	Sylvioidea
Family:	Phylloscopidae
Genus:	Phylloscopus
Species:	P. humei
Binomial name
Phylloscopus humei (Brooks, 1878)
Subspecies
Phylloscopus humei humei (Brooks, 1878) Phylloscopus humei mandellii (but see text)
Synonyms
Phylloscopus inornatus humei (Brooks, 1878) Phylloscopus inornatus mandellii (but see text) Phylloscopus mandellii (but see text)

Hume's Leaf-warbler or Hume's Warbler (Phylloscopus humei) is a small leaf warbler which breeds in the mountains of inner Asia. This warbler is migratory and winters mainly in India.

This bird is named after Allan Octavian Hume. Like most similar songbirds, it was formerly included in the "Old World warbler" assemblage.

At Biskeri Thatch (1,1000 ft ASL) in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh (India)

Description

Hume's Leaf-warbler is one of the smallest "Old World warblers". Like most other leaf warblers, it has greenish upperparts and off-white underparts. With its long supercilium, crown stripe and yellow-margined tertial remiges, it is very similar to the Yellow-browed Warbler (P. inornatus). However, it has only one prominent light wing bar, just a faint vestige of the second shorter wing bar, and overall duller colours. It also has a dark lower mandible and legs.

Its song is buzzing and high pitched. The best distinction from the Yellow-browed Warbler is the more disyllabic call. While the Eastern and Western Hume's Leaf Warblers already show noticeable differences in mtDNA sequence and calls, their songs do not differ; they are reproductively isolated only by allopatry and not usually considered separate species.^[1]

Ecology and evolution

This is a common bird of mountain woodlands at altitudes of up to 3,500m ASL. It occurs from the Hindu Kush and Karakoram east and north to the Tien Shan in China and the Altay Mountains in Mongolia. The completely allopatric subspecies mandellii (Mandell's Leaf-warbler or Eastern Hume's Warbler) – sometimes separated as a full species, in which case the nominate subspecies is called Western Hume's Warbler – occurs on the eastern Tibetan Plateau^[2]. Both populations migrate over the Himalayas to winter in India and adjacent regions. The species has also been recorded in the Kutch region.^[3]

Foraging in the understory in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh (India)

Particularly on autumn migration, this tiny warbler is prone to vagrancy as far as western Europe, despite a 3,000 km distance from its breeding grounds. It is a rare vagrant in late autumn and winter in Great Britain. Non-breeding adults may stray around a lot in summer, when Mandell's Leaf-warblers are fairly common summer visitors to subtropical and temperate montane humid forests of Bhutan, around 2,000-3,500 m ASL and dominated by Bhutan Fir (Abies densa) or by Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) and rhododendrons, though the subspecies is not a regular breeder in that country^[4].

This bird is not shy, although its arboreal lifestyle and cryptic colours make it difficult to observe. It is constantly in motion. Like most "Old World warblers", this small passerine is insectivorous. The nest is built on the ground.

A common species in most of its wide range, Hume's Leaf-warbler is not considered threatened by the IUCN.^[5]

It was recently split from the Yellow-browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus), based on differences in morphology, bioacoustics, and molecular characters. The Western Hume's Leaf Warbler's range overlaps with that of the Yellow-browed Warbler in the western Sayan Mountains, but the species apparently do not hybridize. The divergence between the two species has been tentatively estimated at roughly 2,5 million years ago (Ma), and that between P. h. humei and P. h. mandelli at about 1 mya.^[6]

Footnotes

1. ^ Irwin et al. (2001)
2. ^ Alström (2006)
3. ^ "First record of the Hume's Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus humei from Kachchh, Gujarat, India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 107 (1): 61–62. 2010. 
4. ^ Inskipp et al. (2000)
5. ^ BLI (2008)
6. ^ Alström & Olsson (1988), Shirihai & Madge (1993), Ernst (1996), Irwin et al. (2001), Sangster et al. (2002)

References

• Alström, Per (2006): Species concepts and their application: insights from the genera Seicercus and Phylloscopus. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52(Supplement): 429-434. PDF fulltext
• Alström, Per & Olsson, U. (1988): Taxonomy of Yellow-browed Warblers. Brit. Birds 81: 656–657.
• BirdLife International (BLI) (2008). Phylloscopus humei. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 6 June 2009.
• Ernst, S. (1996): Zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelwelt des Östlichen Altai ["Second contribution regarding the avifauna of the Sayan Mountains"]. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 72, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol. 20: 123–180 [Article in German].
• Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. Forktail 14: 147-162. PDF fulltext
• Irwin, D.E.; Alström, Per; Olsson, U. & Benowitz-Fredericks, Z.M. (2001): Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus (Old World leaf warblers). Ibis 143(2): 233–247. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04479.x PDF fulltext
• Price, Trevor & Jamdar, N. (1991): Breeding biology of the Yellow-browed leaf warbler Phylloscopus inornatus (humei) in Kashmir. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88(1): 1–19.
• Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. Ibis 144(1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x (HTML abstract)
• Shirihai, H. & Madge, S. (1993): Identification of Hume's Yellow-browed Warbler. Birding World 6: 439–443.