Batavia (ship)

"Batavia" was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). She was built in Amsterdam in 1628, and had 24 cast-iron cannons. "Batavia" was shipwrecked on her maiden voyage, and made famous by the subsequent mutiny and massacre that took place among the survivors. A twentieth century replica of the ship is also called the "Batavia".

Mutiny on the "Batavia"

Departure

On 29 October 1628, the newly built "Batavia", commissioned by the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Texelcite web
url = http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/collections/databases/maritime/shipwrecks/shipdetail.asp?ID=1316&Shipname=batavia&Shipdate=&Range1=&Range2=&Shiptype=&Discovered=%&Region=0
title = Registration Information for: Batavia
accessdate = 2007-09-11
work = The Department of Maritime Archaeology Online Databases
publisher = Western Australian Museum] for the Dutch East Indies, to obtain spices. It sailed under Commandeur and "opperkoopman" (senior merchant) François Pelsaert, with skipper Adriaen Jacobsz. These two had previously encountered each other in Surat, India. Although some animosity had developed between them there, it is not known whether Pelsaert even remembered Jacobsz when he boarded "Batavia". Also on board was the "onderkoopman" (junior merchant) Jeronimus Cornelisz, a bankrupt pharmacist from Haarlem who was fleeing the Netherlands, in fear of arrest because of his heretical beliefs.

Plot begins

During the voyage, Jacobsz and Cornelisz conceived a plan to hijack the ship, which would allow them to start a new life somewhere, using the supply of trade gold and silver then on board. After leaving South Africa, where they had stopped for supplies, Jacobsz deliberately steered the ship off course, away from the rest of the fleet. Jacobsz and Cornelisz had already gathered a group of men around them, and arranged an incident from which the mutiny was to ensue. This involved attacking a young female passenger on board, in order to provoke Pelsaert into disciplining the crew. They hoped to paint his discipline as unfair, and recruit more members out of sympathy. However, the woman was able to identify her attackers [http://www.voc.iinet.net.au/batavia.html] . The mutineers were then forced to wait until Pelsaert made arrests. But he never acted.

hipwrecked

On June 4 1629 the ship struck a reef near Beacon Island (coord|28|29|25|S|113|47|36|E|scale:100000_type:isle_region:AU|display=inline,title), part of the Houtman Abrolhos off the Western Australian coast. Of the 341 aboard, most of the passengers and crew managed to get ashore, although 40 people drowned. The survivors, including all the women and children, were then transferred to nearby islands in the ship's longboat and yawl. However, an initial survey of the islands found no fresh water and only limited food (sea lions and birds). Pelsaert realised the dire situation, and decided to search for water on the mainland.

Going for help

A group comprising Captain Jacobsz, Francisco Pelsaert, senior officers, a few crewmembers, and some passengers, left the wreck site in a Convert|30|ft|m longboat (a replica of which has also been made), in search of drinking water. After an unsuccessful search for water on the mainland, the group headed north to the city of Batavia, now Jakarta. This journey, which ranks as one of the greatest feats of navigation in open boats, took 33 days and all aboard survived.

After their arrival in Batavia, the boatswain was arrested and executed for negligence and "for outrages behaviour" before the loss of the ship. Jacobsz was also arrested for negligence.

Batavia's Governor General Pieter de Carpentier immediately gave Pelsaert the "Sardam" to go back and rescue the other survivors. It arrived at the islands two months after leaving Batavia, only to discover that a bloody mutiny had taken place.

Murder

As the long boat left, Jeronimus Cornelisz was well aware that if that party ever reached the port of Batavia, Pelsaert would report the impending mutiny, and Jacobsz would put the blame on him. Therefore, he made plans to hijack any rescue ship that might return, and use the vessel to seek another safe haven. Cornelisz even made plans to start a new kingdom, using the gold and silver from the wrecked "Batavia". But, to carry out this plan, he first needed to eliminate any possible opponents.

Cornelisz's first deliberate act was to have all weapons and food supplies commandeered. He then moved a group of soldiers led by Wiebbe Hayes (also known as "Weybehays") to nearby West Wallabi Island, under the false pretence of searching for water. [http://www.voc.iinet.net.au/batavia.html] He then had them left there to die.

Cornelisz then had complete control. The remaining survivors would now face two months of unrelenting butchery and savagery.

With a dedicated band of murderous young men, Cornelisz began to systematically kill anyone he believed would be a problem to his reign of terror, or a burden on their limited resources. The mutineers became intoxicated with killing, and no one could stop them.They needed only the smallest of excuses to drown, bash, strangle or knife to death any of their victims, including women and children. [http://www.voc.iinet.net.au/batavia.html VOC Historical Society]

Cornelisz never committed any murders himself. Instead, he used his powers of persuasion to coerce others. His followers murdered a total of 125 men, women, and children.

Help returns

Although Cornelisz had left the soldiers, led by Wiebbe Hayes, to die, they had, in fact, found good sources of water and food on their islands. But, as they didn't know of the barbarity taking place on the other islands, they still sent pre-arranged smoke signals, announcing their finds.

Cornelisz seized on this news, as his own supply of water was running low, and the continued survival of the soldiers threatened his own success. He sent his men against the soldiers marooned on West Wallabi Island, but, initially, they were beaten back by the soldiers, who had made a fort and weapons for defence. Nevertheless, the mutineers regrouped and tried again with muskets.

As Pelsaert arrived, Cornelisz's men were on the verge of beating the soldiers. But with the arrival of the rescue ship, the combined force captured all the mutineers after a short battle.

Aftermath

Pelsaert elected to conduct a trial on the islands, because the "Saardam" on the return voyage to Batavia would have been overcrowded with survivors and prisoners. After a brief trial, the worst offenders were taken to Seal Island and executed. Cornelisz and several other mutineers had both hands chopped off before being hanged.kimberly 1897 p.10] Two young sailors, considered only minor offenders, were marooned on mainland Australia, never to be heard of again. Reports of unusually light-skinned Aborigines in the area by later British settlers have been suggested as evidence that the two men might have been adopted into a local Aboriginal clan.Fact|date=January 2008 However, numerous other European shipwreck survivors, such as those from the wreck of the Zuytdorp in the same region in 1712, may also have had such contact with indigenous inhabitants.

The remaining mutineers were taken to Batavia for trial. Most were executed by hanging from the yard arm, after first being flogged and keelhauled. Cornelisz's second in command was broken on the wheel.

Captain Jakobsz, despite being tortured, didn't confess to his part in planning the mutiny, and thereby escaped execution, due to lack of evidence. What finally happened to him isn't known. It is suspected that he died in prison in Batavia.

A board of inquiry decided that Pelsaert had exercised a lack of authority, and was, therefore, partly responsible for what had happened. His financial assets were seized, and he died, a broken man, within a year.

On the other hand, the common soldier Wiebbe Hayes was hailed a hero. The VOC promoted him to sergeant.

Of the original 341 people on board "Batavia", only 68 souls made it to the port of Batavia.

The wreckage

In April 1840, Captain Stokes on the HMS "Beagle", while examining the Abrolhos Islands during Admiralty surveys on the north-west coast reported that:

On the south west point of an island the beams of a large vessel were discovered, and as the crew of the "Zeewyk", lost in 1728, reported having seen a wreck of a ship on this part, there is little doubt that the remains were those of the "Batavia", Commodore Pelsart, lost in 1627. We in consequence named our temporary anchorage Batavia Road, and the whole group Pelsart Group.

It is believedWho|date=January 2008 that Stokes had mistaken the two ships, and that he had actually discovered the wreck of the "Zeewyk".

In 1970, the "Batavia" wreck and many artifacts were salvaged, including the stern of the ship. In 1972 the Netherlands transferred all rights to Dutch shipwrecks on the Australian coasts to Australia. Some of the items, including human remains, which were excavated, are now on display in the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle, Australia. Others are held by the Geraldton Region Museum. These two museums are presently engaged in a dispute over the rights to the remains - including a stone arch, currently in Geraldton, which was intended to serve as a stone welcome arch for the city of Batavia.

The replica

A replica of the "Batavia" was built at the "Bataviawerf" (Batavia Wharf) in Lelystad in the Netherlands. The project lasted from 1985 to 7 April 1995, and was conducted as an employment project for young people under master-shipbuilder Willem Vos. The shipyard is currently reconstructing another 17th century ship. In contrast to the merchant ship "Batavia", Michiel de Ruyters' flagship, the "Zeven Provinciën", is a ship of the line.

The "Batavia" replica was built with traditional materials, such as oak and hemp, and using the tools and methods of the time of the original ship's construction. For the design, good use was made of the remains of the original ship in Fremantle (and of the "Vasa" in Stockholm), as well as historical sources, such as 17th century building descriptions (actual building plans weren't made at the time), and prints and paintings by artists (who, at the time, generally painted fairly true to nature), of similar ships.

On 25 September 1999, the new "Batavia" was transported to Australia by barge, and moored at the National Maritime Museum in Sydney. In 2000, "Batavia" was the flagship for the Dutch Olympic Team during the 2000 Olympic Games. During its stay in Australia, the ship was towed to the ocean once, where it sailed on its own. On 12 June 2001, the ship returned to the "Bataviawerf" in Lelystad, where it remains on display to visitors.

Publications and other media

The following list is selective - the fascination with the wreck of "Batavia" has created an industry - with many other books and articles written, besides the items shown below.

* 1647 - Commander Pelsaert died the year after the event, leaving behind his journal of the events. This journal, together with the pamphlet "Ongeluckige voyagie van 't schip Batavia" ("The Unlucky Voyage of the Vessel Batavia"), published in 1647, made it possible to rediscover the wreck.

* 1897 - Willem Siebenhaar's "The Abrolhos tragedy", a translation of "Ongeluckige voyagie", was published in the "Western Mail". The events also formed the basis of a novel called "Marooned on Australia" (?1896), by the explorer Ernest Favenc. The events were to feature in Malcolm Uren's work "Sailorman's ghosts" (1940), and Douglas Stewart's radio play "Shipwrecked", in 1947.

* 1963 - Renowned Australian author Henrietta Drake-Brockman's comprehensive, non-fiction account "Voyage to Disaster" took her ten years to write. She also wrote a fictional story based on the "Batavia", "The Wicked and the Fair" in 1957. It was Drake-Brockman's own research (including calculating the differences between Dutch nautical miles from the early 17th century, and English nautical miles) that led divers to the location of the wreck.

* 1966 - Journalist Hugh Edwards published an account of the shipwreck and its rediscovery by Dave Johnson, Max and Gerard Cramer, and Greg Allen, under the name "Island of Angry Ghosts: Murder, Mayhem and Mutiny" (1966).

* 1970s and 80s - The tale was retold by a number of writers, including Lee Knowles 'Batavia incident' in "Cool Summers", Hal Colebatch's 'Batavia suite', Mark O'Connor's poem sequence 'the Batavia' and in Nicholas Hasluck's, "The Bellarmine Jug".

* 1990 - Deborah Lisson's book "The Devil's Own", which is aimed at young adults, is also based on the events of "Batavia" mutiny and massacre. This book won the "Western Australian Premier's Award" in 1991.

* 1991 - A sub-plot in Gary Crew's novel "Strange Objects" included two men who sailed "Batavia", Wouter Loos, and Jan Pelgrom.

* 1993 - Philippe Godard's book "The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia" provides a wealth of illustrations, along with details of "Batavia's" construction, objectives and, of course, the traumatic events on the islands off the West Australian coast. At the end of the book is an English translation of Pelsaert's pamphlet regarding the events on "Batavia". The construction of "Batavia's" second incarnation is also covered, with a number of detailed photographs of the new ship.

* 1995 - Prospero Productions made a 52 minute documentary entitled "Batavia Wreck, mutiny and murder", filmed on location.

* 2000 - Arabella Edge's novel "The Company" is also based on the events of 1629, as is Kathryn Heyman's novel "The Accomplice" (2003). Whereas Edge tells the story from the perspective of Cornelisz, the chief mutineer, Heyman's "The Accomplice" is based on the predicament of Judith Bastiaansz, the Predikant's daughter.

* 2000 - The story was also told in a one-hour radio drama, "Southland", written by D. J. Britton and broadcast in September 2000 on BBC Radio 4.

* 2001 - The story was retold in the form of an acclaimed opera, simply titled "Batavia", composed by Richard Mills and first performed by Opera Australia.

* 2002 - Architect Frits van Dongen, graphic designer Kees Nieuwenhuijzen, and poet Gerrit Kouwenaar built an apartment complex in Amsterdam named Batavia, with a poem referencing the ship imprinted into a wall of the building. [ [http://www.classic.archined.nl/news/0011/batavia_tasmania.html ArchiNed Nieuws] , website related to the 'Batavia' apartment building in Amsterdam, accessed December 3, 2007.]

* 2002 - Historian Mike Dash's book, "Batavia's Graveyard: The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny", told the whole story in more detail than ever before, making extensive use of Dutch archival sources to explore the early life of Cornelisz, and a number of the "Batavia's" other passengers and crew.

* 2006 - Writer Simon Leys published "The Wreck of the Batavia: A True Story", relating the fate of the Batavia and her crew. The French version of this book, "Les Naufragés du Batavia" (2003), won the Guizot Prize.

Notes

References

* Crew, Gary. "Strange Objects" Port Melbourne, Vic. : Mammoth Australia, 1991. ISBN 1-86330-113-5
* Dash, Mike."Batavia's graveyard" London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002. ISBN 0-575-07024-2
* Drake-Brockman, Henrietta. "Voyage to Disaster" (new edition with new introduction) Western Australia : University of Western Australia Press, 1995. ISBN 1-875560-32-7
* Edge, Arabella." The company : the story of a murderer" Sydney : Picador, 2000 ISBN 0-330-48978-X
* Edwards, Hugh, "Islands of angry ghosts" London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1966
* Godard, Philippe. "The first and last voyage of the Batavia" ( with the contribution of Phillida Stephens.) Perth, W.A : Abrolhos Publishing 1993. ISBN 0-646-10519-1
* Lisson, Deborah."The devil's own" Port Melbourne, Vic. : Lothian, 2000.(First ed.: Glebe, N.S.W. : Walter McVitty, 1990) ISBN 0-7344-0128-0
* Leys, Simon "The wreck of the Batavia; &, Prosper" Melbourne : Black Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-86395-150-4

External links

* [http://members.iinet.com.au/~bill/batavia.html The Batavia Story] , a detailed account of the mutiny
* [http://www.bataviawerf.nl/en/index.html Batavia yard] , where the replica was built and is now moored
* [http://www.kb.nl/galerie/australie/3-en.html Pelsaert, Batavia, 1629] Facsimile of . "Ongeluckige voyagie, van't schip Batavia, nae de Oost-Indien" [Pelsaert Journal] .