No-hitter

No-hitter

A no-hitter (also known as a no-hit game and colloquially as a no-no) is a baseball game in which one team has no hits. In Major League Baseball, the team must be without hits during the entire game, and the game must be at least nine innings. A pitcher who prevents the opposing team from achieving a hit is said to have "thrown a no-hitter". Throwing a no-hitter is a rare accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff: only 272 have been thrown in Major League Baseball history since 1875, an average of about two per year. In most cases in MLB, no-hitters are recorded by a single pitcher who throws a complete game.

Most of the time, a no-hitter is also a shutout. However, as it is possible to reach base without a hit (most commonly via a walk, error, or hit batsman), a pitcher can throw a no-hitter and still give up runs, and even lose the game, although this is extremely uncommon. In 25 of the 272 recorded no-hitters in MLB history, one or more runs were given up, most recently by Ervin Santana of the Angels in a 3-1 win against Cleveland on July 27, 2011. On two occasions, a team has thrown a nine-inning no-hitter and still lost the game. On a further four occasions, a team has thrown a no-hitter for eight innings in a losing effort, but those four games are not officially recognized as no-hitters by Major League Baseball because the outing lasted fewer than nine innings.

It is theoretically possible for opposing pitchers to throw no-hitters in the same game, although this has never happened in the majors. A game in which a team allows no runners to reach base at all is a perfect game, as well as being a shutout victory. A perfect game is by definition also a no-hitter. 20 perfect games have been recorded in MLB history.

Contents

Major League Baseball no-hitters

Definition

A no-hitter is defined by Major League Baseball as follows: "An official no-hit game occurs when a pitcher (or pitchers) allows no hits during the entire course of a game, which consists of at least nine innings."[1] This definition was specified by MLB's Committee for Statistical Accuracy in 1991, causing previously recognized no-hitters of fewer than nine innings or where the first hit had been allowed in extra innings to be stricken from the official record books. Games lost by the visiting team in 8½ innings but without allowing any hits do not qualify as no-hitters, as the visiting team has only pitched eight innings.[2][3]

Frequency

Major League Baseball has officially recognized 272 no-hitters between 1876 and 2011; only 20 of those were perfect games. Multiple no-hitters have been thrown on the same day twice: Ted Breitenstein and Jim Hughes on April 22, 1898; and Dave Stewart and Fernando Valenzuela on June 29, 1990.

The highest number of no-hitters thrown in a year is eight, in 1884. The most thrown in one year in the modern era (since 1901) is seven, in both 1990 and 1991, making for the most in any two-year span, with fourteen.

The longest period between any two no-hitters in the modern era is &100000000000000030000003 years, &1000000000000004400000044 days between Bobby Burke on August 8, 1931, and Paul "Daffy" Dean on September 21, 1934. There was a drought of 3 years, 11 months without a no-hitter after the first National League no-hitter on July 15, 1876, pitched by George Bradley. The most recent year that did not have any no-hitters is 2005.

The greatest number of games played between any two no-hitters is 6,364, between Randy Johnson's perfect game on May 18, 2004 for the Arizona Diamondbacks, and Anibal Sánchez's no hitter on September 6, 2006 for the Florida Marlins. The previous record was a 4,015-game streak without a no-hitter from September 30, 1984, to September 19, 1986.

Individual

Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax

The pitcher who holds the record for the most no-hitters is Nolan Ryan, who threw seven in his long career. His first two came exactly two months apart, while he was with the California Angels: the first on May 15, 1973 and the second on July 15. He had two more with the Angels on September 28, 1974 and June 1, 1975. Ryan's fifth no-hitter with the Houston Astros on September 26, 1981 broke Sandy Koufax's previous record. His sixth and seventh no-hitters came with the Texas Rangers on June 1, 1990 and May 1, 1991. When he tossed number seven at age 44, he was also the oldest pitcher to throw a no-hitter.

Only Nolan Ryan (seven), Sandy Koufax (four), Cy Young (three), Bob Feller (three), and Larry Corcoran (three) have pitched more than two no-hitters.[4] Corcoran was the first pitcher to throw a second no-hitter in a career (in 1882), as well as the first to throw a third (in 1884).

Thirty men in all have thrown more than one no-hitter. Randy Johnson has the longest gap between no-hitters: he threw a no-hitter as a member of the Seattle Mariners on June 2, 1990 and a perfect game as an Arizona Diamondback on May 18, 2004. The pitcher who holds the record for the shortest time between no-hitters is Johnny Vander Meer, as the only pitcher in history to throw no-hitters in two consecutive starts, while playing for the Cincinnati Reds in 1938.[5] Allie Reynolds (in 1951), Virgil Trucks (in 1952), and Nolan Ryan (in 1973) are the only other major leaguers to throw two no-hitters in the same regular season. Jim Maloney (in 1965) technically threw two no-hitters in the 1965 season, however his first 9 inning no-hitter of the 1965 season, ended with Maloney allowing a home run in the top of the 11th inning. According to the rules interpretation of the time, this was considered a no-hitter. Later that season, Maloney threw a more traditional 9 inning no-hitter. Roy Halladay threw two no-hitters in 2010: a perfect game during the regular season and a no-hitter in the 2010 National League Division Series. He is the only major leaguer to have thrown no-hitters in regular season and postseason play.

There have been two pitchers missing their non-pitching hand to throw a no-hitter; Hugh Daily, of the Cleveland Blues, defeated the Philadelphia Quakers 1–0 on September 13, 1883, and Jim Abbott, of the New York Yankees, defeated the Cleveland Indians 4–0 on September 4, 1993. Daily lost his left hand in a gun accident as a child, and Abbott was born without a right hand.

Justin Verlander of the Detroit Tigers is the most recent pitcher to throw his second no-hitter. He is the thirtieth pitcher ever to do so. His 2nd no-hitter coming on May 7th, 2011 is only the 7th no-hitter in Detroit Tigers history.

The record for most no-hitters caught by a catcher is four by Boston Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek. He caught no-hitters for Hideo Nomo, Derek Lowe, Clay Buchholz, and Jon Lester.[6] Varitek also caught a rain-shortened, five-inning unofficial no-hitter for Devern Hansack, October 1, 2006.[7]

Five pitchers have thrown a no-hitter in both the American League and the National League: Cy Young, Nolan Ryan, Jim Bunning, Hideo Nomo, and Randy Johnson. Only three catchers have caught a no-hitter in each league: Gus Triandos, Jeff Torborg, and Ron Hassey. Triandos caught Hoyt Wilhelm's 1958 no-hitter and Jim Bunning's perfect game, Torborg caught Sandy Koufax's perfect game and Nolan Ryan's first no-hitter, and Hassey caught Len Barker's and Dennis Martinez's perfect games.

Team

No team has thrown no-hitters in consecutive games, although it has happened once on consecutive days: On May 5, 1917, Ernie Koob of the St. Louis Browns no-hit the Chicago White Sox, and teammate Bob Groom repeated the feat in the second game of a doubleheader the following day.

On two occasions, there have been back-to-back no-hitters thrown by each team in a series. On September 17, 1968, Gaylord Perry of the San Francisco Giants no-hit the St. Louis Cardinals, with the Cardinals' Ray Washburn no-hitting the Giants the following day. On April 30, 1969, Jim Maloney of the Cincinnati Reds no-hit the Houston Astros, with the Astros' Don Wilson no-hitting the Reds the following day.

The Tampa Bay Rays are the only MLB team to fail to get a hit in three different games in a span of 12 months or less, including being victims of two perfect games: the first by White Sox pitcher Mark Buehrle on July 23, 2009, the second by Oakland's Dallas Braden on May 9, 2010. They were also no-hit by Arizona's Edwin Jackson on June 25, 2010.

Combined no-hitters

There have been nine combined no-hitters (no-hit games thrown by a starting pitcher and his relievers together) in MLB history. The first was on June 23, 1917, when Ernie Shore of the Boston Red Sox relieved starter Babe Ruth, who had been ejected for arguing with the umpire after walking the first batter of the game. The runner at first was caught attempting to steal second base, and Shore then consecutively retired the next 26 batters without allowing any baserunners. This game was long considered a perfect game by Shore, since he recorded 27 outs in succession, but is only a combined no-hitter under current rules. The second combined no-hitter did not occur until April 30, 1967, when Stu Miller recorded the final out in relief of Steve Barber, a 2-1 loss to the Detroit Tigers.

The first, and only, combined extra inning no-hitter to date occurred on July 12, 1997, when the Pittsburgh Pirates' Francisco Cordova (9 innings) and Ricardo Rincon (1 inning) combined to no-hit the Houston Astros, 3-0. The extra inning no-no was capped off by a three run walk-off home run by pinch hitter Mark Smith in the bottom of the tenth inning.

The MLB record for pitchers combining to pitch a no-hitter is six, set by the Houston Astros against the New York Yankees on June 11, 2003. The pitchers were Roy Oswalt (the starting pitcher), then relievers Pete Munro, Kirk Saarloos, Brad Lidge, Octavio Dotel, and Billy Wagner. Oswalt was pulled after one inning because of injury. Munro pitched the most innings, 2⅔. He also allowed five of the six baserunners; three on walks, he also hit Jason Giambi with a pitch and another runner reached while he was in the game on an error by third baseman Geoff Blum. The other baserunner was allowed by Dotel, who threw a third-strike wild pitch to Alfonso Soriano with one out in the eighth; Dotel went on to record the 45th four-strikeout inning in regular-season play.[8] Lidge, who retired all six hitters he faced over the sixth and seventh innings, earned the victory.

Only one pitcher, Mike Witt, has thrown a no-hitter as a starter, and also contributed to a no-hitter as a reliever. On September 30, 1984, Witt threw a 1-0 perfect game for the California Angels against the Texas Rangers. Witt followed this on April 11, 1990, with an appearance in relief of Mark Langston after 7 innings, pitching the last two innings to get the save in another 1-0 win for the Angels over the Seattle Mariners.

Kent Mercker and Vida Blue are the only pitchers to throw a no-hitter as a starter and also start a combined no-hitter. Mercker combined with Mark Wohlers and Alejandro Peña while pitching for the Atlanta Braves to no-hit the San Diego Padres on September 11, 1991. This was also the first combined no-hitter in National League history. He threw a complete game no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 8, 1994, also as a member of the Braves. Vida Blue no-hit the Minnesota Twins on September 21, 1970 while pitching for the Oakland Athletics. He combined with Glenn Abbott, Paul Lindblad, and Rollie Fingers to no-hit the California Angels on September 28, 1975. This is the only combined no-hitter that was started by a pitcher (Blue in 1971) who won a Cy Young award and MVP award in his career and finished by another pitcher that won the Cy Young award and MVP award in his career (Fingers in 1981). Both pitchers were also All Stars the year they combined for their no-hitter.

Earliest, latest, title-clinching, and postseason no-hitters

Hideo Nomo threw the earliest no-hitter based on calendar date: April 4, 2001, the second game of the season for the Boston Red Sox. The Cleveland Indians' Bob Feller left the Chicago White Sox hitless in the 1940 season opener on April 16, the only official Opening Day no-hitter.

No-hitters have twice been thrown on the final day of the season: the aforementioned Blue-Abbott-Lindblad-Fingers effort for Oakland in 1975, as well as Witt's perfect game in 1984. Hansack's five inning effort took place on the final day of the 2006 season.

The Houston Astros' Mike Scott no-hit the San Francisco Giants on September 25, 1986, a victory that also clinched the National League West title for the Astros; this is the only such occurrence in Major League history to date. In the first game of a double header on September 28, 1951, Allie Reynolds of the New York Yankees pitched a no-hitter against the Boston Red Sox which clinched a tie for the American League pennant (the pennant was clinched outright in the double header's second game).

There have been two postseason no-hitters in MLB history, one in each league. For the AL, on October 8, 1956, Don Larsen of the New York Yankees threw a perfect game in Game 5 of that year's World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers. The feat had nearly been accomplished nine years earlier by the Yankees' Bill Bevens, who came within one out of a no-hitter (though not a perfect game) against the Brooklyn Dodgers in Game 4 of the 1947 World Series, only to lose the game on a pinch-hit double by Cookie Lavagetto. There have been other one-hitters in the World Series, with the lone hit coming earlier in the game than in Bevens' feat. On October 6, 2010, Roy Halladay of the Philadelphia Phillies, in the first postseason appearance of his career, threw the second no-hitter in postseason history, and first in the NL, in Game 1 of that year's NLDS against the Cincinnati Reds.

Rookie no-hitters

Twenty-one MLB rookies have pitched a no-hitter since 1901. Three pitchers have thrown a no-hitter in their first major league starts; two others have done it in their second major league starts.[9]

Bumpus Jones of the Cincinnati Reds threw a no hitter on October 15, 1892 in his first major league game. Jones pitched only eight games in the big leagues, finishing with a career win/loss record of 2-4 and a career earned run average of 7.99.

Ted Breitenstein pitched a no-hitter in his first Major League start on October 4, 1891, however, it was not his first Major League game.[10] He later threw a second no-hitter on April 22, 1898.

On May 6, 1953, Bobo Holloman pitched a no-hitter for the St. Louis Browns in his first major league start (also not his first major league game). This game would prove to be one of only three major league wins that Holloman achieved, against seven losses, all in 1953. Bill Veeck, then-owner of the Browns, in his autobiography described the 27 outs of Holloman's no-hitter as consisting of hard-hit ground balls, screaming line drives, and deep fly balls. At the other end of the spectrum, there are nine 300-game winnersGrover Cleveland Alexander, Kid Nichols, Lefty Grove, Early Wynn, Steve Carlton, Don Sutton, Greg Maddux, Roger Clemens and Tom Glavine—who failed to pitch a no-hitter.

On August 11, 1991, Wilson Alvarez of the Chicago White Sox pitched a no-hitter in his second career major league start. During Alvarez's first career start, he had allowed three runs on a pair of home runs and did not retire a single batter. Unlike Jones and Holloman, Alvarez went on to win 102 games over a 16-year career.

Clay Buchholz pitched a no-hitter for the Boston Red Sox in his second major league start on September 1, 2007 at Fenway Park. The game ended in a 10-0 victory for the Red Sox over the Baltimore Orioles.

Nine-inning no-hitters in a losing effort

Unlike a perfect game, in which no batters reach base, in regular no-hitters batters can reach base in other ways, such as a walk, an error, or a hit batsman, thus it is possible for the team pitching the no-hitter to lose. On April 23, 1964, Ken Johnson of the Houston Colt .45s became the only pitcher to lose a complete game no-hitter in nine innings when he was beaten 1-0 by Cincinnati. The winning run was scored by Pete Rose in the top of the ninth inning via an error, groundout, and another error.[11]

On April 30, 1967, Steve Barber and Stu Miller of the Baltimore Orioles pitched a combined no-hitter, but lost 2-1 to the Detroit Tigers.[12]

On July 1, 1990, Andy Hawkins of the Yankees pitched an eight-inning no-hitter (the Yankees were the away team) against the Chicago White Sox and lost the game 4-0 after an eighth inning which saw three errors.[13] The four runs that the White Sox scored are the most by any team in a game in which they had no hits. [14] Because Hawkins only threw eight innings, this game is not recognized as an official no-hitter by Major League Baseball.

Jered Weaver and Jose Arredondo of the Angels also combined for eight innings of no-hit baseball in a 1-0 road loss to the Dodgers June 28, 2008, where Matt Kemp reached on an error, stole second, advanced to third on another error, and scored on a sacrifice fly. However, since the Angels only pitched eight innings, this game is not recognized as an official no-hitter.

Shortened no-hitters

A game that cannot continue due to weather or darkness may be considered a completed official game, as long as at least five innings have been completed. Until 1991, any such game in which a pitcher held the opposing team without hits was considered an official no-hitter; however under the current rule, a no-hitter must last for at least nine innings to count. As the rule was applied retroactively, thirty-six games in which a no-hitter was interrupted by weather or darkness, with lengths ranging from 5 to 8 innings, are no longer considered no-hitters.

In games where the home team leads after the top of the ninth, the visiting pitcher will only pitch 8 innings, and so can complete a full game without allowing a hit but not be credited with an official no-hitter. This has happened four times in MLB history: Silver King (1890), Andy Hawkins (1990), and Matt Young (1992) pitched complete games without allowing a hit, but pitched only 8 innings as the losing pitcher from the visiting team, and thus are not credited with a no-hitter.[15][16] On June 28, 2008, Jered Weaver and José Arredondo of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim threw 8 no-hit innings against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium, but lost the game 1-0 and are not credited with a no-hitter. This is the first near no-hitter of this kind in which more than one pitcher was involved.

No-hitters lost in extra innings

A game that is a no-hitter through nine innings may be lost in extra innings. Under current rules, such a game is not considered an official no-hitter because the pitcher did not keep the opponent hitless for the entire course of the game.

On May 2, 1917, a game between the Chicago Cubs and the Cincinnati Reds reached the end of nine innings in a hitless scoreless tie,[17] the only time in baseball history that neither team has had a hit in regulation. Both Hippo Vaughn of the Cubs and Fred Toney of the Reds continued pitching into the tenth inning. Vaughn lost his no-hitter in the top of the tenth, as the Reds got two hits and scored the winning run. Toney retired the side in the bottom of the tenth and recorded a ten-inning no-hitter. This game was long considered a "double no-hitter," but Vaughn is no longer credited with a no-hitter under the current rules.

Of the thirteen potential no-hitters that have been lost in extra innings, two were perfect games until the inning when the first hit was surrendered. On May 26, 1959, Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched a remarkable twelve perfect innings against the Milwaukee Braves before losing the perfect game on an error and then the no-hitter and the game in the thirteenth inning. On June 3, 1995, Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos pitched nine perfect innings against the San Diego Padres before giving up a hit in the tenth and exiting the game, which the Expos then won 1-0.[18]

Teams without no-hitters

Six current NL teams—the Braves, Dodgers, Giants, Phillies, Cubs and Reds—all pitched their first no-hitters before the advent of the American League in 1901. The latest original American League team to get their first no-hitter was the New York Yankees, when George Mogridge pitched one on April 24, 1917. The last of the original National League teams to get their first no-hitter was the St. Louis Cardinals, when Jesse Haines pitched one on July 17, 1924.

Two existing franchises in Major League Baseball have not had a pitcher toss a no-hitter. The San Diego Padres (1969) have gone 41 years without a no-hitter. The Padres' closest bid came against the Philadelphia Phillies on July 18, 1972; Steve Arlin came within one out of a no-hitter before a Denny Doyle single broke up the bid. Again on July 9, 2011, five Padres pitchers combined for 8 2/3 innings of no-hit pitching against the Los Angeles Dodgers before a Juan Uribe double broke up the bid, followed by a Dioner Navarro single which won the game, which had been scoreless up to that point.

The franchise that has been in the majors the longest without pitching a no-hitter is the New York Mets, who began play in 1962. As of the end of the 2010 season (the Mets' 49th), the franchise had gone 7,806 regular season games and 74 postseason games without a no-hitter.[19] Mets' pitchers, however, have thrown 36 one-hitters.

Though the Washington Nationals franchise has four no-hitters in its history, including a perfect game by Dennis Martinez, all of them took place during the team's existence as the Montreal Expos.

Avoiding no-hitters

The record for the longest period of time without being in a no-hit game is held by the Chicago Cubs and is still ongoing: the Cubs have succeeded in getting at least one hit in every game since Sandy Koufax's perfect game on September 9, 1965, a period of &1000000000000004600000046 years, &100000000000000010000001 day (7353 games: Including Postseason) as of September 10th, 2011. The second-longest streak without having an official no-hitter pitched against them is held by the New York Yankees, who had a gap of &1000000000000004400000044 years, &10000000000000263000000263 days between nine-inning no-hitters from September 21, 1958 to June 10, 2003. However, during this time, the Yankees team hitting streak ended in a rain-shortened official game on July 12, 1990,[20] after &1000000000000003100000031 years, &10000000000000294000000294 days. The St. Louis Cardinals have the second-longest team hitting streak in MLB history: May 12, 1919 to May 14, 1960, a period of &1000000000000004100000041 years, &100000000000000030000003 days.

Forbes Field, home of the Pittsburgh Pirates from the middle of the 1909 season until the middle of the 1970 season, is the only long-term home field where a no-hitter was never thrown during its existence. There are several recently-built fields where no-hitters have not yet been thrown. Two parks in existence for a decade or more have only seen one no-hitter to date—the Orioles' current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, and Coors Field, the notoriously hitter-friendly home of the Colorado Rockies. In both parks, the only pitcher to throw a no-hitter is Hideo Nomo.

International competition

In the 2006 World Baseball Classic Shairon Martis pitched a no hitter for the Netherlands against Panama, however it was only seven innings due to the mercy rule.

Superstitions

One of the most common baseball superstitions is that it is bad luck to mention a no-hitter in progress, especially to the pitcher and in particular by their teammates (who sometimes even go so far as to not even be near the pitcher).[21] Some sportscasters observe this taboo while others have no reservations about mentioning no-hitters before completion. When Sandy Koufax pitched his no-hitter against the Mets in 1962, one of their 120 losses that season, Mets' coach Solly Hemus, apparently trying to jinx Koufax, kept heckling him through the game about pitching a no-hitter, according to a post-game interview Koufax gave after pitching his third no-hitter in 1964. Mickey Mantle, in an interview for Ken Burns' Baseball documentary series, relates that Don Larsen, famed for his 1956 World Series perfect game, tried to talk about his no-hitter throughout the contest but much to his chagrin his Yankee teammates avoided his conversation and maintained the superstition.

When Jim Bunning was pitching his perfect game, he deliberately violated this superstition, talking to his teammates about the perfect game's progress in order to dispel the tension in the dugout.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Official Site of Major League Baseball: Official info: Rules, Regulations and Statistics
  2. ^ Donaghy, Jack (1992-04-14). "Is revised no-hitter rule a no-no?". Eugene Register-Guard. pp. 2D. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19920414&id=fn8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4963,3071278. Retrieved 2009-08-03. [dead link]
  3. ^ "Year In Review : 1991 National League". Baseball Almanac. 2009. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/yearly/yr1991n.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  4. ^ No Hitter Records by Baseball Almanac
  5. ^ Johnny Vander Meer's Two Consecutive No-Hitters by Baseball Almanac
  6. ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080519&content_id=2733852&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos
  7. ^ Kaplan, Thomas (2008-05-21). "Red Sox’ No-Hitter Puts Varitek in Record Books". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/sports/baseball/21redsox.html. Retrieved 2010-05-10. 
  8. ^ 4 Strikeouts In 1 Inning : A Baseball Almanac Fabulous Feat
  9. ^ The Official Site of Major League Baseball: History: Rare Feats
  10. ^ Gisclair, S. Derby (2004-08-02). "A No-Hitter In His First Start". baseballlibrary.com. http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/submit/Gisclair_S._Derby2.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  11. ^ Retrosheet Boxscore: Cincinnati Reds 1, Houston Colt .45s 0
  12. ^ Retrosheet Boxscore: Detroit Tigers 2, Baltimore Orioles 1 (1)
  13. ^ Martinez, Michael (2 July 1990). "No-Hitter, but With No Glory". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/02/sports/no-hitter-but-with-no-glory.html. Retrieved 3 October 2011. 
  14. ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/blog/archives/431
  15. ^ American League No Hitters by Baseball Almanac
  16. ^ The Chronology - 1890 | BaseballLibrary.com
  17. ^ Sullivan, Dean. Middle Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1900–1948. 2001, U. of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-9283-3, pp. 82–84. Reprint of contemporary newspaper account.
  18. ^ June 3, 1995 Montreal Expos at San Diego Padres Box Score and Play by Play - Baseball-Reference.com
  19. ^ NoNoHitters.com
  20. ^ "Retrosheet boxscore: Chicago White Sox 8, New York Yankees 0". Retrosheet. http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1990/B07120NYA1990.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-14. 
  21. ^ Gmelch, George (September 2000). "Revised version of "Superstition and Ritual in American Baseball" from Elysian Fields Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1992, pp. 25–36". McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. http://www.webcitation.org/5OHaQX4IE. 
  22. ^ Buckley, Jr., James (2002). Perfect: The Inside Story of Baseball's Seventeen Perfect Games (Triumph Books). ISBN 1-57243-454-6, p. vi

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  • Hitter — Hit ter, n. 1. One who hits or strikes; as, a hard hitter. [1913 Webster] 2. (Baseball) The batter; as, there are two strikes on the hitter. [PJC] {heavy hitter} 1. A baseball player who gets many extra base hits. 2. A person who is very… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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