Iwakura Tomomi

, from whom he received his family name. He was trained by the kampaku Takatsukasa Masamichi and wrote the opinion for the imperial Court reformation. In 1854 he became a chamberlain to Emperor Kōmei.

As court noble

Like other courtiers in Kyoto, Iwakura opposed the Shogunate's plans to open Japan to foreign countries. When Hotta Masayoshi, a "Rōjū" of the Tokugawa bakufu came to Kyoto to obtain imperial permission to sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan) in 1858, Iwakura gathered courtiers who opposed the treaty and attempted to hinder negotiations between the Shogun and the Court.

After Tairō Ii Naosuke was assassinated in 1860, Iwakura supported the "Kobugattai Movement", an alliance of the Court and the Shogunate. The central policy of this alliance was the marriage of the Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi and Princess Kazu-no-Miya Chikako, the younger sister of the Emperor Kōmei. "Samurai" and nobles were supported the more radical Sonno joi policy saw Iwakura as a supporter of the Shogunate, and put pressure on the Court to expel him. As a result Iwakura left the Court and moved to Iwakura, north of Kyoto.

In exile

In Iwakura he wrote many opinions and sent them to the Court or his political companions in Satsuma. In 1866 when the Shogun Iemochi died, Iwakura attempted to have the Court seize political initiative. He tried to gather "daimyo" under the name of the Court but failed. When the Emperor Kōmei died the next year, there was a rumor Iwakura had plotted to murder the emperor with poison, but he escaped arrest.

With Okubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori, on 3 January 1868, he engineered the seizure of the Kyoto Imperial Palace by forces loyal to Satsuma and Chōshū, thus initiating the Meiji Restoration.

Meiji Bureaucrat

After the establishment of the Meiji government, Iwakura played an important role due to the influence and trust he had with Emperor Meiji. He was largely responsible for the promulgation of the Five Charter Oath of 1868, and the subject abolition of the han system.

Soon after his appointment as Minister of the Right in 1871, he led the two-year around-the-world journey known as the Iwakura mission, visiting the United States and several countries in Europe with the purpose of renegotiating treaties and gathering information to help effect the modernization of Japan. On his return to Japan in 1873, he was just in time to prevent an invasion of Korea (Seikanron). Realizing that Japan was not in any position to challenge the western powers in its present state, he advocated strengthening the imperial institution, which he felt could be accomplished through a written constitution and a limited form of parliamentary democracy. He ordered Inoue Kowashi to begin work on a constitution in 1881, and ordered Ito Hirobumi to Europe to study various European systems.

Trivia

The former 500 Yen bank note issued by the Bank of Japan carried his portrait.

Reference and further reading

* Beasley, W. G. "The Meiji Restoration." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.
*Hane, Mikiso. "Modern Japan: A Historical Survey". Westview Press (2001). ISBN 0-8133-3756-9
* Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. "Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji." Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
* Sims, Richard. "Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868-2000". Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23915-7

External links

* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/23.html?c=1 National Diet bio & portrait]