Transliteration

Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice.

From a linguistic point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script.

Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which specifically maps the "sounds" of one language to the best matching script of another language. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal script, for some specific pair of source and goal language. If the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may be (almost) the same as a transcription. In practice, there are also some mixed transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest. One instance of transliteration is the use of an English computer keyboard to type in a language that uses a different alphabet, such as Russian. Transliterated toften used in emails, blogs, and electronic correspondence where non-Latin keyboards are unavailable, is sometimes referred to by special composite terms that demonstrate the combination of English characters and the original non-Latin word pronunciation: Ruglish, Hebrish, Greeklish, or Arabish. While the transcription implies seeking the best way to render foreign words into a particular language, the typing transliteration is a purely pragmatic process of inputting text in a particular language. The rest of this article concerns itself with the first meaning of the word, that is rendering foreign words into a different alphabet, transliteration "in a narrow sense".

Also, transliteration should not be confused with translation, which involves a change in language while preserving meaning. Transliteration performs a mapping from one alphabet into another.

"In a broader sense," the word transliteration is used to include both transliteration in the narrow sense and transcription.
Anglicizing is a transcription method. Romanization encompasses several transliteration and transcription methods.

Difference between transliteration and transcription

In Modern Greek, the letters <η> <ι> <υ> and the letter combinations <ει> <oι> <υι> are all pronounced IPA2|i. A transcription consequently renders them all as <i>, but a transliteration still distinguishes them, for example by transliterating to <ē> <i> <y> and <ei> <oi> <yi>. (As the old Greek pronunciation of <η> was IPA| [ɛː] ,this proposal uses the character appropriate for an Old Greek transliteration or transcription <ē>, an <e> with a macron.) On the other hand, <ευ> is sometimes pronounced IPA| [ev] and sometimes IPA| [ef] , depending on the following sound. A transcription distinguishes them, but this is no requirement for a transliteration.

Uses

Transliterations "in the narrow sense" are used in situations where the original script is not available to write down a word in that script, while still high precision is required. For example, traditional or cheap typesetting with a small character set; editions of old texts in scripts not used any more (such as Linear B); some library catalogues. [http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/pubs/isbdg0.htm#0.6]

For example, the Greek language is written in the 24-letter Greek alphabet, which overlaps with, but differs from, the 26-letter version of the Roman alphabet in which English is written. Etymologies in English dictionaries often identify Greek words as ancestors of words used in English. Consequently, most such dictionaries transliterate the Greek words into Roman letters.

Transliteration "in the broader sense" is a necessary process when using words or concepts expressed in a language with a script other than one's own.

The idea of transliteration is complicated by the genuine use in multiple languages of different common nouns for the same person, place or thing. Thus, "Muhammad" is in common use now in English and "Mohammed" is less popular, though there are excellent reasons for each spelling (and similarly for "Muslim" and "Moslem") — in particular, the forms with "o" reflect modern pronunciation, while those with "u" reflect Classical Arabic.

Transliteration is also used for simple encryption.

Issues in transliterating particular languages

Some languages and scripts present particular difficulties to transcribers. These are discussed on separate pages.
*Ancient Near East
**Transliterating cuneiform languages
**Transliteration of ancient Egyptian ("see also" Egyptian hieroglyphs)
**hieroglyphic Luwian
*Avestan
*Brahmic family
**Devanagari: see Devanagari transliteration
**Pali
**Tocharian
**Malayalam: see Romanization of Malayalam
*Chinese language
**transliteration into Chinese characters
**romanization of Chinese
**Cyrillization of Chinese
*Greek language
**Transliteration of Greek to the Latin Alphabet
**Greek alphabet
**List of Greek words with English derivatives
**Linear B
**Greeklish
*Japanese language
**Romanization of Japanese
**Cyrillization of Japanese
*Korean language
**McCune-Reischauer
**Revised Romanization of Korean
*Semitic languages
**Ugaritic alphabet
**Hebrew alphabet
***Romanization of Hebrew
**Arabic alphabet
***Romanization of Arabic
***Arabic Chat Alphabet
*Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic or Glagolitic alphabets
**Romanization of Belarusian
**Romanization of Bulgarian
**Romanization of Russian
**Romanization of Serbian
**Romanization of Ukrainian
**Volapuk encoding
*Thai language
**Royal Thai General System of Transcription
**‎ISO 11940

ee also

* Phonemic orthography
* Phonetic transcription
* Romanization
* Transcription (linguistics)
* List of ISO transliterations

External links

Free online transliteration services

Global

* [http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/translit ICU Transform Demo] Supports almost all scripts
* [http://www.tavultesoft.com/keyman/?tsxa=kikiwa Multilingual Transliteration Tool] Supports over 540 languages
* [http://www.linguaseek.com Universal Transliteration Tool] Supports over 110 languages
* [http://www.ok-board.com Multilingual Transliteration]
* [http://vereb.free.fr/transliteration/transliterator.html]

Cyrillic script

* [http://www.mashke.org/Conv/ Automatic Cyrillic Converter] Cyrillic-Latin
* [http://www.aleksa.org/vucko/ Transliterator for Serbian language: Latin <-> Cyrillic, with HTML support] . [http://www.aleksa.org/vucko/jsvucko.html Simplified JavaScript version] . Can be used for Croatian and Bosnian.
* [http://ncnever.free.fr/translit/ Translit - converter: Latin <-> Georgian, Russian, Greek alphabets]
* [http://www.rusklaviatura.com Rusklaviatura: Real-time Cyrillic Converter]
* [http://www.vsemusic.ru/information/tools/transliter.php Russian Online Transliteration and Untranslitiration ISO 9.]
* [http://web.vu.union.edu/~gorvitzp/English-Cyrillic_transcription.php Transcription of English Latin text to Russian Cyrillic text (using textboxes), with some controls] PHP script, not for use with MS Internet Explorer.

Indic

* [http://www.malerkotla.org/Transh2u.aspx Online Devanagari(Hindi) to Urdu Transliteration] Hindi, Urdu
* [http://girish.co.in/projects/dev/trans4.html Online Devanagari Transliteration] Devanagari, Gujarati, Kannada, Tamil, Bengali
* [http://quillpad.in Quillpad] Devanagari(Hindi, Marathi, Nepali), Gujarati, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi
* [http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic Google Indic Transliteration] Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam. Also has spellchecker!
* [http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/index.html Indian Language Converter] বংলা (Bengali), हिन्दी (Hindi), ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada), മലയാളം (Malayalam), ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oriya), ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ (Punjabi), संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit (Harvard-Kyoto scheme)), தமிழ் (Tamil), తెలుగు (Telugu), ગુજરાતી (Gujarati)
* [http://tamil.sahasranaman.com Real-time Web based English to Tamil transliteration tool]
* [http://girgit.chitthajagat.in/ Girgit Online Indic to Indic Transliteration of Webpages] বংলা (Bengali), हिन्दी (Hindi), ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada), മലയാളം (Malayalam), ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oriya), ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ (Punjabi), தமிழ் (Tamil), తెలుగు (Telugu), ગુજરાતી (Gujarati), English
* [http://isis.keymankeyboards.com/?tsxa=kikiwa&amp;tsxq=wiki1'/ Free Online Indic Transliteration] বংলা (Bengali), Devanagari ( हिन्दी Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Marwari, Sanskrit), ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada), മലയാളം (Malayalam), ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oriya), ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ (Punjabi), தமிழ் (Tamil), తెలుగు (Telugu), ગુજરાતી (Gujarati)
* [http://uyirvani.com/language/Kannada/kannada.html Free Online Indic Transliteration] Bengali - Hindi - Kannada - Malayalam - Oriya - Punjabi - Tamil & Telugu

Perso-Arabic script

* [http://behnevis.com Behnevis Transliteration Editor] Persian
* [http://www.eiktub.com eiktub] web-based editor that phonetically transliterates English to Arabic

Documentation

* [http://unicode.org/cldr/transliteration_guidelines.html Unicode Transliteration Guidelines]
* [http://www.icu-project.org/userguide/Transform.html ICU User Guide: Transforms] International Components for Unicode transliteration services
* [http://transliteration.eki.ee Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts] - Collection of Transliteration Tables for many Non-Roman Scripts maintained by Thomas T. Pedersen.
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)] - working group on Romanization Systems.
* [http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html Library of Congress: Romanization]
* [http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html Transliteration history] - history of the transliteration of Slavic languages into Latin alphabets.
* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm Transliteration of Indic Scripts] - How to use ISO 15919
* [http://www.devgreek.info Fonetikspell used as Transliteration Scheme]

Downloadable software

* [http://www.icu-project.org/download/ ICU Downloads] International Components for Unicode
* [http://www.tavultesoft.com/keyman/?tsxa=kikiwa Multilingual Keyboard Tool] Supports over 540 languages
* [http://www.latkey.com/translit Translit Online for Microsoft® Office] Russian, Hebrew, Hindi, Greek, Arabic, Latin
* [http://www.sil.org/ SIL International] - Provides free fonts for transliteration and IPA
* [http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/tools/translit.mspx Microsoft Transliteration Utility] - A powerful, free tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.
* [http://www.writeka.com/scripto writeKA Scripto] - Transliteration utility that works based on configurable transliteration maps. Maps can be devised for most languages.
* [http://www.azhagi.com/ Dual screen English-Tamil transliteration software with reverse transliteration facility]
* [http://www.download.com/Eiktub/3000-2279_4-10795799.html?hhTest Notepad-like Arabic transliteration text editor]