Newburgh (city), New York

Infobox Settlement
official_name = City of Newburgh
settlement_type = City
nickname =
motto =

imagesize = 365px
image_caption = Newburgh from the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge


image_

|pushpin_

pushpin_label_position =
pushpin_map_caption =Location within the state of New York
pushpin_mapsize =


mapsize =
map_caption =


mapsize1 =
map_caption1 =
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = United States
subdivision_type1 = State
subdivision_name1 = New York
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Orange
government_type = Council-manager
leader_title = City Manager
leader_name = Jean McGrane
leader_title1 = Mayor
leader_name1 = Nick Valentine
established_title = Settled
established_date = 1709
established_title2 = Incorporated (village)
established_date2 = 1800
established_title3 = Incorporated (City)
established_date3 = 1865
area_magnitude = 1 E8
area_total_km2 = 12.4
area_total_sq_mi = 4.8
area_land_km2 = 9.9
area_land_sq_mi = 3.8
area_water_km2 = 2.5
area_water_sq_mi = 1
area_water_percent = 20
area_urban_km2 =
area_urban_sq_mi =
area_metro_km2 =
area_metro_sq_mi =
population_as_of = 2000
population_note =
population_total = 28259
population_density_km2 = 2971.2
population_density_sq_mi = 7436.5
population_metro =
population_density_metro_km2 =
population_density_metro_sq_mi =
population_urban =
timezone = EST
utc_offset = -5
timezone_DST = EDT
utc_offset_DST = -4
latd = 41 |latm = 31 |lats = 11 |latNS = N
longd = 74 |longm = 1 |longs = 10 |longEW = W
elevation_m = 0
elevation_ft = 128
postal_code_type = ZIP Code
postal_code = 12550
area_code = 845
website = http://www.newburgh-ny.com
blank_name = FIPS code
blank_info = 36-50034
blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
blank1_info = 0958498
footnotes =

Newburgh is a city located in Orange County, New York, 60 miles (97 km) north of New York City, and convert|90|mi|km south of Albany, on the Hudson River. In 1890, 23,087 people lived in Newburgh, New York; in 1900, 24,943; in 1910, 27,805; in 1920, 30,366; and in 1940, 31,883. The population was 28,259 at the 2000 census.

The City of Newburgh is along the Hudson River, between the Town of Newburgh and the Town of New Windsor.

Just east of the city, across the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge, lies the city of Beacon, New York.

The City of Newburgh is surrounded on the north and the west by the Town of Newburgh, of which it was a part prior to 1865. Census estimates in 2005 indicate that the population of the City of Newburgh had dropped to 24,966 and increased in the Town of Newburgh to 30,508 thus making the Town more populous than the City for the first time in history. ["Orange County Ready Reference", issued by the office of the Orange County Clerk, 2007]

The entire southern boundary of the City of Newburgh is with the Town of New Windsor. Most of this boundary is formed by Quassaick Creek.

History

Exploration and settlement

The area that became Newburgh was first explored by Europeans when Henry Hudson stopped by during his 1609 expedition up the river that now bears his name. He is supposed to have called the site "a pleasant place to build a town," although some later historians believe he may actually have been referring to the area where Cornwall-on-Hudson now stands.

The first settlement was made a century later, in 1709 by German Lutherans from the Rhenish Palatinate, who named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic. By 1750, most of the Germans had been replaced by people of English and Scottish descent, who in 1752 changed the name to the Parish of Newburgh (after Newburgh, Scotland).

The American Revolution

Newburgh was the headquarters of the Continental Army from March, 1782 until the latter part of 1783. While the army was camped at Newburgh, some of its senior officers began the "Newburgh conspiracy" to overthrow the government. General George Washington was able to persuade his officers to stay loyal to him. The army was disbanded here in 1783. Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Lewis Nicola proposing that he become king here. It drew a vigorous rebuke from Washington.

Growth of Newburgh in the 19th Century

Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800 and chartered as a city in 1865. At the time of its settlement it was in Ulster County and was that county's seat. When Rockland County was split from Orange County in 1798, Newburgh and the other towns north of Moodna Creek were put in a redrawn Orange County. Newburgh thus lost its status as the county seat to Goshen. The former Ulster County courthouse still stands as Newburgh's old city courthouse building (currently used as municipal office space).

Newburgh became quite prosperous during the Gilded Age that followed. With its situation on the Hudson River, midway between New York City and Albany, it became a transportation hub and an industrial center. Its industries included manufacturings of cottons, woolens, silks, paper, felt hats, baking powder, soap, paper boxes, brick, plush goods, steam boilers, tools, automobiles, coin silver, bleach, candles, waterway gates, ice machines, pumps, moving-picture screens, overalls, perfumes, furniture, carpets, carburetors, spiral springs, spiral pipe, shirt waists, shirts, felt goods, lawn mowers; shipyards; foundries and machine shops; tanneries; leatherette works; plaster works.

The Development of modern Newburgh

It has been a city with many distinctions. It is home to the first Edison power plant and thus was the first American city to be electrified. Fact|date=June 2008. In 1915 it became one of the first American cities to delegate routine governmental authority to a city manager. Broadway, which at convert|132|ft|m in width is one of the widest streets in the State of New York [http://www.newburghhistoricalsociety.com/heartofcity.html] , runs through the city culminating with views of the majestic Hudson River. Newburgh was one of the first cities in the country to fluoridate its water [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm] .

Newburgh played a pivotal role in television history. In October, 1939, RCA chose to test-market televisions in Newburgh, which was within range of the television signal of RCA's experimental station W2XBS. 600 sets were sold in Newburgh at a deep discount. The test-marketing campaign's success encouraged RCA to go forward with developing the new medium. Additionally, with consumer television production ceasing during World War II, those Newburgh households which purchased televisions during 1939 and 1940 were among the few to enjoy television (albeit with a greatly reduced programming schedule) during the war. [ von Schilling, James, "The Magic Window: American Television, 1939-1953" New York: Haworth Press, 2003 ]

Newburgh in the 20th Century

Newburgh was hit hard economically by several factors in late 20th century, and the subsequent decline was precipitous. The industrial base of the city declined as industries relocated operations south or to other locations with cheaper labor costs and lower taxes. The Hudson River, which previously served as the main means of transporting goods, lost much of its shipping traffic to trucking. The city's trolley system was shut down in 1924, in favor of buses. [http://www.thelakeviewhouse.com/Trolley%20cars%20maintain%20their%20place%20in%20history.htm] The nation moved to the automobile for transportation and as with many other cities there was a resulting migration to the suburbs. In 1963 the Newburgh Beacon Bridge [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh-Beacon_Bridge] was opened spanning interstate 84 across the Hudson River, bypassing the Newburgh waterfront. The ferry closed down soon thereafter -- it was not revived until 2005 -- and the waterfront area declined rapidly. In 1964, the Mid Valley Mall opened outside of the city limits in the Town of Newburgh, and other retail shopping malls soon sprang up, all also outside the City of Newburgh. The city continued to lose its previously well regarded retail sector along Water Street and Broadway.

In the early 1960s, the city's response to the economic decline was an ambitious urban renewal plan.The city's historic waterfront area, an area composed of several square blocks which included numerous historically significant buildings, was completely demolished. Residents were relocated, or were supposed to be relocated, to newer housing projects around Muchattoes Lake in the city's interior.

A grand complex that was planned for the urban renewal area was never built when state and federal spending began to dry up after the 1973 oil crisis. To this day, the blocks which slope down to the river remain open, grassy slopes, offering sweeping views of the Hudson but generating no property taxes for the city. [http://recordonline.com/news/special_reports/newburgh/1.html] Public sentiment is mixed on whether they should be built on again at all, and the city's view-protection ordinances make it less likely. Below, the waterfront was developed in the late 1990s after the city was once again able to secure grants from the state's Environmental Protection fund for riprap (a type of stone) to stabilize the shoreline.

In the early 1960s, city manager Joseph Mitchell and the council attracted nationwide attention and the admiration of political conservatives when they attempted to require welfare recipients to pick up their payments at police headquarters. Mitchell later announced a program aimed largely at blacks on welfare, who many in the community blamed for its economic problems. The program would have denied welfare payments to all after three months except the aged, the blind and the handicapped. Those affected would have largely been single mothers of young children, the only category in which blacks were predominant. The program also would have denied payments to single mothers who had working relatives living in the city. After opposition by both state and federal officials, the program created a national controversy and never went into effect(See "'The Despised Poor'("Beacon Press) by Joseph P. Ritz.)

Along with the failed urban renewal, the 1970s in Newburgh were also marked by race riots and other tensions. The last big one, in 1978, led African-American students at Newburgh Free Academy, the city's public high school, to boycott classes and ultimately to a major reorganization of the school system.

These tensions flared up again during the city's hotly contested 1995 mayoral election. Allegations of electoral fraud had dogged the city's first African-American woman mayor, Audrey Carey, since her 1991 victory in a four-way race. Supporters of Republican candidate Regina Angelo (now a Democrat herself) alleged that many registered voters in neighborhoods Carey had carried heavily used false addresses. In response, four years later deputy sheriffs were stationed at polling places and challenged voters to provide proof of residency and identity.

Although she won, Carey's supporters claimed that the deputy sheriffs had singled out minority voters for such challenges and accused the Republicans of voter suppression. These tensions were only aggravated when the council selected the county's Republican chairman at the time, Harry Porr, who had initiated the challenges, as the new city manager. Animosity between Carey and Porr and their respective supporters dominated city politics in the late 1990s, until Porr was fired and Carey defeated in 1999 (Porr would later be hired and fired again).

Newburgh in the early 21st century is more racially diverse than it used to be, as a growing Latin immigrant (mainly of Mexican decent) population complements the city's sizable African American contingent. Economic development is a major concern, but poorly envisioned, as the good jobs once found in the local manufacturing sector have not been replaced. Pockets of poverty persist in the city, often mere blocks away from its many historical and architectural landmarks (some of which are themselves in serious need of repair). In addition to this, the city has been facing issues regarding illegal immigration like many other cities across the United States, ranging from overcrowded apartment buildings to mild racial conflict.

Preserving the Past

Newburgh's preservation history can be traced all the way back to 1850 when Washington's Headquarters was designated a state historic site, the first in the country. Newburgh's Historical Society was founded in 1884. It purchased the David Crawford House, its museum, in 1958, saving it from being demolished to make way for a parking lot for a funeral home. The city's modern preservation efforts began when the Dutch Reformed Church, a Greek Revival structure designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, was slated for demolition as part of urban renewal after the congregation left the decaying building in 1967. The movement to stop it led to the development of a historic district, now the second largest in New York State. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places three years later, and in 2001 became the city's second National Historic Landmark after Washington's Headquarters.

The city was designated a Preserve America community in 2005 and it also signed an agreement with the State Office of Historic Preservation as a Certified Local Government community. Its East End Historic District, recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as that and the Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District, has the most contributing properties of any historic district in the state.

While the city's historic architecture, featuring historic designs by Calvert Vaux, Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmstead, has attracted a stable core of preservation-minded community activists willing to spend the time and money renovating houses, much work remains to be done. Part of the problem lies in the fact that the city government warehouses a large stock of "in rem" properties within its Historic District that have fallen into disrepair as a result of its inability to secure them. Despite progress from the early 1990s, poverty remains a major (and visible) problem. The 2000 census found that two of the city's five census tracts are among the poorest in the entire state. In 2004 the state declared it one of the state's five most "stressed" cities, based on a mix of statistics like families headed by single mothers, abandoned buildings, unemployment, residents under the poverty line and adults without a high school diploma. [http://recordonline.com/news/special_reports/newburgh/4.html] Local citizens and city officials blame the county's Department of Social Services for making problems worse by using the city as a dumping ground for its poorest clients. County officials respond that they are only sending people where housing costs are the cheapest.

Geography

The city is on the west bank of the Hudson River. Next to it, the land rises at first sharply to a bluff, where many historic homes are located due to the sweeping views it offers of the Hudson Highlands to the south, Mount Beacon to the east and the bridge to the north; then more gradually to a relatively level western half. There are some notable hills in outlying areas, such as Overlook Terrace in the city's southeast corner and Mount St. Mary's at the northeast.

The lowest elevation in the city is sea level along the river; the highest is roughly 690 feet (210 m) on Snake Hill along the city's southern boundary with the Town of New Windsor.

Newburgh is located at (41.503193, -74.019636)GR|1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 sq mi (12.4 km²). 9.9 km² (3.8 sq mi) of it is land and 2.5 km² (1.0 sq mi) of it (20.08%) is water.

New York State Route 32 and U.S. Route 9W pass through the city. New York State Route 17K and New York State Route 207 also reach their eastern termini within city limits. Interstate 84 passes just north of the city and the New York State Thruway is not far to the west.

Demographics

As of the censusGR|2 of 2000, there were 28,259 people, 9,144 households, and 6,080 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,856.2/km² (7,393.6/sq mi). There were 10,476 housing units at an average density of 1,058.8/km² (2,740.9/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 42.33% White, 32.96% Black or African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 18.11% from other races, and 5.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.30% of the population.

There were 9,144 households out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 25.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.62.

In the city the population was spread out with 33.2% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,332, and the median income for a family was $32,519. Males had a median income of $26,633 versus $21,718 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,360. About 23.0% of families and 25.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.3% of those under age 18 and 16.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Newburgh has five elected officials,a mayor and four city councilmembers, all elected at-large to four-year terms, staggered so that the mayor and two councilmembers are up for re-election one year and two others two years later. Currently, all four councilmembers are elected at-large, or citywide. It wasn anticipated that in November 2007, Newburgh voters would decide on whether to split Newburgh into eight wards and elect one councilmember from each ward. In a shocking and unanticipated move, the City Council voted to disallow this referendum from appearing on the ballot. [http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070620/NEWS/706200336/-1/NEWS]

The mayor accepts all legal process and often serves as the symbolic head of the city, but other than that has no special powers or role. The city manager, who appoints all other city officials subject to council approval, serves at their pleasure.

City managers are frequently hired amidst high hopes, yet minimal criteria, and mutual resolve to do better; then fired, almost ritually and sometimes spectacularly. As of 2006, the city has had four mayors and five managers (three if two who served twice aren't counted) in the last decade.

A recurring complaint has been that, rather than taking direction from council, some city managers have exploited divisions among members to turn it into a rubber stamp for their policies and actions and render themselves unaccountable. There have been proposals to change the situation by assigning council members to wards or eliminating the city manager's position. But they have been perceived as politically motivated, and thus have not been adopted. However, the current mayor, Nick Valentine campaigned in 2003 as being the "last mayor".

Jean McGrane, the first woman ever to hold the position, is the current City Manager.

Politics

Newburgh maintains a relatively strong local Republican Party, despite demographics and urban trends favoring Democrats. Valentine, several other recent and current mayors and councilmembers and Assemblyman Thomas Kirwan, a resident, are Republicans. Currently, though, the Democrats hold a 3-2 majority on the City Council.

An independent documentary was made in 2004 about the mayoral race in Newburgh, called Saving Newburgh.

Famous Newburghians

*Rob Bell, (former MLB pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Texas Rangers, Tampa Bay Rays and Baltimore Orioles)
*Andrew Jackson Downing, ( internationally renowned architect and landscape designer, b. 1815, d. 1852)
*Geraldine Ferraro, (member of Congress and vice presidential candidate, b. 1935)
*William S. Hart, film actor-director
*Ellsworth Kelly, (artist, b. 1923)
*Albert J. Myer (1828-1880), United States Army general, known as the father of the Signal Corps.
*Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. (1854-1926), Governor of New York State (1900-1904).
*James Patterson, (bestselling thriller novelist, b. 1947)
*Coulton Waugh, artist (of "Dickie Dare" comic strip) and mapmaker, who created a Newburgh pictorial map
*Saul Williams, poet, actor and hip hop artist, b.1972

Literature

* E. M. Ruttenber, "History of Orange County with History of the City of Newburgh", (Newburgh, 1876)
* J. J, Nutt, "Newburgh: Her Institutions, Industries, and Leading Citizens", (Newburgh, 1891)
* L. P. Powell, (editor) "Historic Towns of the Middle States", (New York, 1899)
* J.P. Ritz, "The Despised Poor, Newburgh's War on Welfare", (Beacon Press, 1966)

Education

Newburgh is served by the Newburgh Enlarged City School District [http://www.newburghschools.org/newburgh/index.html] .

Transportation

Stewart International Airport serves the city.

Media

Radio stations WGNY (AM) and WGNY-FM are licensed to Newburgh.

References

External links

* [http://www.newburgh-ny.com City of Newburgh site]
* [http://www.swfny.com Stewart International Airport]
* [http://www.newburghsymphony.org/ Greater Newburgh Symphony Orchestra Website]
* [http://www.newburghrevealed.org/ Newburgh Revealed]
* [http://www.CTNA.info/home.html/ Colonial Terraces Neighborhood Association Website]
* [http://www.newburghhistoricalsociety.com/ Newburgh Historical Society Website]
* [http://www.hrvh.org/collections/inst-intro.htm?inst=14 Newburgh Free Library Digital Collections]
* [http://www.voy.com/166166/ Unofficial City of Newburgh message board]

* [http://www.local589.net/ City of Newburgh Professional Firefighters - IAFF Local 589]
* [http://newburghadvocate.com/ Newburgh Advocate unofficial blog about city government]
* [http://www.freakfilms.com/newburghpage.html "Saving Newburgh" documentary about the 2003 mayoral race in Newburgh