Ellington Field

Infobox Airport
name = Ellington Field

---

image-width = 220
IATA = EFD
ICAO = KEFD
FAA = EFD
type = Public / Military
owner = City of Houston
operator =
city-served =
location = Houston, Texas
elevation-f = 32
elevation-m = 10
coordinates = coord|29|36|26|N|095|09|32|W|type:airport_region:US-TX
website =
r1-number = 4/22
r1-length-f = 8,001
r1-length-m = 2,439
r1-surface = Concrete
r2-number = 17L/35R
r2-length-f = 4,609
r2-length-m = 1,405
r2-surface = Concrete
r3-number = 17R/35L
r3-length-f = 9,001
r3-length-m = 2,744
r3-surface = Concrete
stat-year = 2005
stat1-header = Aircraft operations
stat1-data = 121,270
stat2-header = Based aircraft
stat2-data = 269
footnotes = Source: Federal Aviation AdministrationFAA-airport|ID=EFD|use=PU|own=PU|site=24067.3*A, effective 2007-03-15]

Ellington Field Airport codes|EFD|KEFD|EFD is a joint civil-military airport located 15 miles (24 km) southeast of downtown Houston, within Harris County in the U.S. state of Texas.

The airport was established in 1917 during the height of World War I when aviation was in its infancy. Originally created as a training facility for the United States Army Air Corps, Ellington Field is currently used by military, commercial, NASA aircraft and general aviation sectors. Ellington Field is also a former airbase of the United States Air Force. The airport is one of the few airfields built for World War I training purposes still in operation today.

Overview

Ellington Field consists of three active runways (a 9,001 - foot ILS CAT I runway, an convert|8001|ft|m|sing=on runway, and a convert|4609|ft|m|sing=on runway).cite web|url=http://www.fly2houston.com/CIPEFD|title=Program Overview: Ellington Field|work=www.fly2houston.com|accessdate=2007-03-07] The airport supports the operations of the United States military, NASA and a variety of general aviation tenants.cite web|url=http://www.fly2houston.com/EllingtonAbout|title=About Ellington Field|work=www.fly2houston.com/EllingtonAbout|accessdate=2007-02-24] The field is a base for NASA's administrative, cargo transport and high-altitude aircraft, which also includes NASA's fleet of T-38 Talon jets bailed to the agency from USAF, the Shuttle Training Aircraft, and an NKC-135 aircraft known as the Vomit Comet, a zero-g trainer.cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/161111main_ellington_aircraft_fact_sheet.pdf|title=Ellington Field Aircraft |work= www.nasa.gov NASA|accessdate=2007-02-24] The only two WB-57F aircraft used for atmospheric research and reconnaissance still flying in the world today are housed at Ellington.cite web|url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2002/20020709crystalface.html|title=Study of Cloud Ice Crystals May Improve Climate Change Forecasts, Goddard Space flight Center |work=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=2007-02-24] The Texas Air National Guard, Texas Army National Guard and the U.S. Coast Guard also maintain a presence at the base, with the Coast Guard facility known as Coast Guard Air Station Houston. Ellington Field is also home to the largest flying club in Texas and the annual "Wings Over Houston" airshow. Ellington Field once had scheduled commercial air service: Continental Express flights between Ellington Field and George Bush Intercontinental Airport in north Houston ended in 2004. Prior to the cessation of commercial air service, the route flown between Bush Intercontinental and Ellington Field was the shortest fixed-wing route flown in the United States at only 25 nautical miles. Flight times were as short as six minutes, depending on direction of departure. To this day, Ellington Field serves as a reliever airport for both Bush Intercontinental and the William P. Hobby Airport, and handles diverted aircraft from those two airports during bad weather events and peak traffic times.

In 2005, the U.S. Department of Defense recommended retiring Ellington Field's 147th Fighter Wing F-16 Falcon fighter jets (a total of fifteen aircraft); this recommendation was approved by the Base Realignment and Closure committee. The aircraft will be replaced with 12 MQ-1 Predator unmanned drones and the unit redesignated as the 147th Reconnaissance Wing.cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2005/08/15/daily37.html|title=Ellington Field to house 12 new Predator aircraft units |work=www.bizjournals.com/houston|accessdate=2007-03-13] The wing's current combat support arm will remain intact, while the 272nd Engineering Installation Squadron, an Air National Guard unit currently located off-base, will relocate to Ellington Field.

History

Pre–World War

In 1917, the U.S. government purchased 1,280 acres (5.2 km²) of land from Dr. R. W. Knox and the Wright Land Company to establish an airbase in Houston. The location, near Genoa Township in southeast Houston, was selected because the weather conditions were ideal for flight training. Soldiers from nearby Camp Logan briefly assisted with the construction of the airfield when civilian workers went on strike.cite web | title = Ellington Field: A Short History, 1917-1963 | work = www.jsc.nasa.gov| url = http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/ellington/Ellington.pdf | accessdate = 2007-02-18] Soon after construction began on the airfield, the base was named after Lt. Eric Lamar Ellington, an Army pilot killed four years earlier in a plane crash in San Diego, California.

The base, which consisted of a few hangars and some wooden headquarters buildings, was completed in a matter of months. By the end of 1917, the field was ready to receive its first squadron — the 120th Aero Squadron, which was transferred from Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas, along with its Curtiss JN4 Jenny biplanes, which were shipped in wooden crates via railroad.

World War I

During World War I, Ellington served as an advanced flight training base. As of 1918, Ellington had its own gunnery and bombing range on a small peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico near San Leon, Texas. Ellington became well-known in military circles, and had a series of "firsts", including the first camp newspaper, the first American aerial gunnery and bombing range, the first "canteen girls", and the first aerial ambulance in American military history. Before the end of the war, approximately 5,000 men and 250 aircraft were assigned to the base.cite web| title = Ellington Field| work = globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ellington.htm| accessdate = 2007-02-18]

Ellington was considered surplus to requirements after World War I and the base was deactivated as an active duty airfield in 1920. A small caretaker unit was kept at the airfield for administrative reasons, but generally, the only flight activity during this time was from Army pilots stationed at Kelly Field who flew down to practice landings on Ellington's runways.

By 1923, Ellington had been ordered to be completely dismantled, but that plan was halted when the Texas National Guard established an aviation squadron at the field. Soon after, the 111th Observation Squadron (known colloquially as "Houston's Own" and later the 147th Fighter Wing) was born, also stationed at Ellington Field. The squadron, which flew Curtiss JN6Hs and De Havilland DH.4s, provided mapping, photography, and reconnaissance support for the 36th Infantry Division.

Several years later in 1927, Ellington's status was again threatened as local city leaders began to discuss the construction of a municipal airport. That airport, the present day William P. Hobby Airport, confirmed the squadron's fears that Ellington's aging facilities were obsolete; as a result the Texas National Guard decided to move the 111th to new facilities at the municipal airport instead. The Texas National Guard and 36th Infantry Division bought most of the airfield's buildings, but the field remained unused; by 1928 Ellington was again overtaken by tall prairie grass. That same year, a fire engulfed what was left of the airfield, consuming its remaining structures, except for the concrete foundations and a metal water tower. For the next 12 years, the U.S. military leased the land to local ranchers for use as pasture.

World War II

World War II, with its increasing need for trained pilots, helped to reestablish Ellington Field as an active facility. Rep. Albert Thomas, one of Houston's representatives in the United States House of Representatives, pushed for rebuilding Ellington as a pilot training center. Beyond the area's excellent weather for flying, Thomas argued that the Houston area's petroleum refineries, upon which the war effort depended, would need military protection in the region.

In 1940, construction began on a much-expanded Ellington Field, which eventually included five control towers, two convert|46000|sqft|m2|sing=on hangars, the most modern medical complex in south Texas and 74 barracks. Ellington became the home of the 69th, 70th, 71st, 72nd, 74th, 75th and 76th Fighter Squadrons.cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/roundup/online/2005/0105_p4_7.pdf |title=Ellington Field, A Journey Through History|work=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov|accessdate=2007-02-24] The base was one of the sites where bomber pilots received their advanced training and also housed the United States Army Air Corps' bombardier school, known as "the Bombardment Academy of the Air." In 1943, the bombardier school was replaced with a school for navigators. By the end of 1943, more than 65 women who served in the Women's Army Corps were also stationed at Ellington.cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/discovery/disc1997v14n2/disc-wacs.html
title=WACS Train at Ellington Field, Texas, |work=UT Discovery|accessdate=2007-03-02] Ellington served primarily as a reserve airbase from the end of the war in 1945 until 1948.

Post war

In 1948, Ellington Field was one of many airfields selected to be reactivated in an effort to maintain a large military force in the United States after World War II. The airfield was reopened for active duty and renamed Ellington Air Force Base. By 1949, the Air Force had rebuilt Ellington enough to open a navigator school.cite web|url=http://www.aetc.af.mil/library/history/aetcsignificantevents/1940-49/index.asp|title= Air Education and Training Command Significant Events, US Air Force|work=http://www.aetc.af.mil|accessdate=2007-03-10] Navigator cadets trained in TB-25 and TB-29 "Flying Classroom" aircraft. Navigation training was enhanced at Ellington when the Air Force installed a microwave navigation system. To help navigators learn celestial positioning, a Houston resident paid for the construction of a planetarium at Ellington. The planetarium, which stood convert|50|ft|m high and was topped by an aluminum dome, could hold 40 students.

The United States Navy opened a Naval Air Reserve Center at Ellington in 1957. Navy pilots and aircrews flew amphibious aircraft on antisubmarine training missions over the Gulf of Mexico, but budget problems forced its closure just a year later.

In 1959, Ellington was downgraded to a reserve Air Force base, and has served the military in that capacity since; the Civil Air Patrol moved its headquarters from Bolling Air Force Base to Houston the same year. In addition, Ellington also hosted several college level Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps summer courses/Field Training encampments, hosting officer candidates from 22 states. The Civil Air Patrol has since relocated their national headquarters to Maxwell AFB, Alabama, but a local CAP unit still remains at Ellington.

The space age

From the 1950s through the 1970s, Ellington Field was utilized for pilot and navigator training for active air force, air force reservists, air national guardsmen, and Navy, Marine, and foreign students.cite web|title=Ellington Field|work=www.tsha.utexas.edu|url=http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/EE/qbe2.html|accessdate = 2007-02-18] NASA established Ellington as its base for astronaut flight training in the early 1960s because of its proximity to the newly-constructed Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The T-38 Talon (T-38N) is the primary jet aircraft used for astronaut training at Ellington.The field was the site of the Apollo lunar landing training program. Most of NASA’s aircraft based at the Johnson Space Center are kept and maintained at the base.

Ellington Field was officially deactivated by the Air Force in 1976 and all Air Force Reserve squadrons were transferred to other military facilities; however, the Texas Air National Guard, the Texas Army National Guard and the U.S. Coast Guard still maintain a military presence at the base. In 1984, the city of Houston purchased Ellington to use as a third civil airport, and it was again renamed Ellington Field.

See also

* Air National Guard
* Civil Air Patrol (US Air Force Auxiliary)
* List of active United States military aircraft
* List of military aircraft of the United States
* List of United States Air Force installations
* Texas World War II Army Airfields

References

External links

* [http://www.fly2efd.com/ Houston Airport System's official page for Ellington Field]
* [http://www.fly2houston.com/hasVideo Houston Airport System — Houston Airports Today television show]
* [http://web.houstonairportsystem.org/efd_masterplan/main.html Houston Airport System: Ellington Field Master Plan]
* [http://www.wingsoverhouston.com/ Wings Over Houston Airshow]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ellington.htm Ellington Field] at GlobalSecurity.org
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